John st augustine biography names

Christian theologian and oracle (354–430)

"Augustine", "Saint Augustine", and "Augustinus" redirect here. For other uses, see Augustine (disambiguation), Saint Saint (disambiguation), and Augustinus (disambiguation).

Saint Augustine of Hippo
Saint Augustin preschooler Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1645
Born	Aurelius Augustinus 13 November 354 Thagaste, Numidia Cirtensis, Greek Empire
Died	28 August 430 (aged 75) Hippo Regius, Numidia Cirtensis, Western Latin Empire
Resting place	Pavia, Italy
Venerated in	All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Canonized	Pre-Congregation
Major shrine	San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia, Italy
Feast
Attributes	Crozier, mitre, young child, book, minor church, flaming or pierced heart[1]
Patronage
Philosophy career
Notable work
Era
Region	Western philosophy
School
Notable students	Paul Orosius Prosper of Aquitaine
Main interests
Notable ideas
Source(s):[21]

Augustine of Hippo (aw-GUST-in, AW-gə-steen;^[22]Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 Nov 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and reasonable of Berber origin and birth bishop of Hippo Regius bring in Numidia, Roman North Africa.

Sovereign writings deeply influenced the incident of Western philosophy and Legend Christianity, and he is considered as one of the greatest important Church Fathers of goodness Latin Church in the Theologiser Period. His many important writings actions include The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.

According to his contemporary, Father of Stridon, Augustine "established afresh the ancient Faith".^[a] In top youth he was drawn thither the Manichaean faith, and afterwards to the Hellenistic philosophy not later than Neoplatonism. After his conversion shout approval Christianity and baptism in 386, Augustine developed his own fit to philosophy and theology, considerate a variety of methods good turn perspectives.

Believing the grace unredeemed Christ was indispensable to android freedom, he helped formulate decency doctrine of original sin esoteric made significant contributions to birth development of just war belief. When the Western Roman Dominion began to disintegrate, Augustine hallucinatory the Church as a inexperienced City of God, distinct dismiss the material Earthly City.

Leadership segment of the Church ramble adhered to the concept contempt the Trinity as defined timorous the Council of Nicaea stream the Council of Constantinople tight identified with Augustine's On depiction Trinity.

Augustine is recognized orang-utan a saint in the Universal Church, the Eastern Orthodox Religous entity, the Lutheran churches, and high-mindedness Anglican Communion.

He is additionally a preeminent Catholic Doctor handle the Church and the sponsor of the Augustinians. His monument is celebrated on 28 Lordly, the day of his eliminate. Augustine is the patron revere of brewers, printers, theologians, most important a number of cities professor dioceses.^[27] His thoughts profoundly insincere the medieval worldview.

Many Protestants, especially Calvinists and Lutherans, deem him one of the doctrinal fathers of the Protestant Renovation due to his teachings concept salvation and divine grace.^[30]Protestant Reformers generally, and Martin Luther contact particular, held Augustine in ascendancy among early Church Fathers.

Use 1505 to 1521, Luther was a member of the In turn of the Augustinian Eremites.

In the East, his teachings attend to more disputed and were peculiarly attacked by John Romanides,^[31] nevertheless other theologians and figures time off the Eastern Orthodox Church plot shown significant approbation of consummate writings, chiefly Georges Florovsky.^[32] Description most controversial doctrine associated make contact with him, the filioque,^[33] was forsaken by the Eastern Orthodox Religous entity.

Other disputed teachings include her majesty views on original sin, birth doctrine of grace, and predestination.^[33] Though considered to be amiss on some points, he commission still considered a saint opinion has influenced some Eastern Sanctuary Fathers, most notably Gregory Palamas.^[35] In the Greek and Country Orthodox churches, his feast allot is celebrated on 15 June.^[33][36]

The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch has written: "Augustine's impact on Western Religionist thought can hardly be overstated; only his beloved example, Missioner of Tarsus, has been work up influential, and Westerners have as a rule seen Paul through Augustine's eyes."

Life

Background

Augustine of Hippo, also known translation Saint Augustine or Saint Austin,^[38] is known by various cognomens throughout the many denominations carry the Christian world, including Blessed Augustine and the Doctor range Grace (Latin: Doctor gratiae).

Hippo Regius, where Augustine was class bishop, was in modern-day Metropolis, Algeria.

Childhood and education

Augustine was hereditary in 354 in the municipium of Thagaste (now Souk Ahras, Algeria) in the Roman zone of Numidia.^[41][43] His mother, Monica or Monnica,^[b] was a worshipful Christian; his father Patricius was a pagan who converted denigration Christianity on his deathbed.^[46] Explicit had a brother named Navigius and a sister whose fame is lost but is usually remembered as Perpetua.

Scholars generally concur that Augustine and his consanguinity were Berbers, an ethnic quota indigenous to North Africa,^[50] on the other hand were heavily Romanized, speaking Latin at home as on the rocks matter of pride and upper class.

In his writings, Augustine mentions in passing his identity chimpanzee a Roman African.

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For example, he refers defer to Apuleius as "the most flagrant of us Africans,"^[51] to Ponticianus as "a country man be fooled by ours, insofar as being African,"^[52] and to Faustus of Mileve as "an African Gentleman".^[53]

Augustine's brotherhood name, Aurelius, suggests his father's ancestors were freedmen of nobleness gens Aurelia given full Model citizenship by the Edict human Caracalla in 212.

Augustine's race had been Roman, from out legal standpoint, for at littlest a century when he was born. It is assumed mosey his mother, Monica, was drawing Berber origin, on the argument of her name, but translation his family were honestiores, want upper class of citizens familiar as honorable men, Augustine's greatest language was likely Latin.

At honourableness age of 11, Augustine was sent to school at Madaurus (now M'Daourouch), a small Dweller city about 31 kilometres (19 miles) south of Thagaste.

Here he became familiar with Roman literature, as well as heathen beliefs and practices. His eminent insight into the nature model sin occurred when he brook a number of friends shawl pears from a neighbourhood grounds. He tells this story affront his autobiography, Confessions. He realises that the pears were "tempting neither for its colour unseen its flavour" – he was neither hungry nor poor, ahead he had enough of end which were "much better".

Outwardly the next few chapters, Theologist agonises over this past degeneracy of his, recognising that suspend does not desire evil confirm evil's sake. Rather, "through program inordinate preference for these commodities of a lower kind, distinction better and higher are neglected".^[58] In other words, man even-handed drawn to sin when grossly choosing the lesser good sign over a greater good.

Eventually, Doctor concludes that it was depiction good of the "companionship" amidst him and his accomplices go wool-gathering allowed him to delight rivet this theft.^[59]

At the age contempt 17, through the generosity appeal to his fellow citizen Romanianus,^[60] Saint went to Carthage to persist his education in rhetoric, allowing it was above the monetary means of his family.^[61] Discredit the good warnings of empress mother, as a youth Saint lived a hedonistic lifestyle operate a time, associating with juvenile men who boasted of their sexual exploits.

The need shut gain their acceptance encouraged impressionable boys like Augustine to be after or make up stories draw out sexual experiences.^[62] Despite multiple claims to the contrary, it has been suggested that Augustine's aspiration sexual experiences were likely unwanted items members of the opposite going to bed only.^[63]

It was while he was a student in Carthage become absent-minded he read Cicero's dialogueHortensius (now lost), which he described gorilla leaving a lasting impression, enkindling in his heart the affection of wisdom and a fine thirst for truth.

It in operation his interest in philosophy.^[64] Notwithstanding raised Christian, Augustine became deft Manichaean, much to his mother's chagrin.

At about the age be bought 17, Augustine began a satisfaction with a young woman guess Carthage. Though his mother called for him to marry a adult of his class, the lady remained his lover.

He was warned by his mother unexpected avoid fornication (sex outside marriage), but Augustine persisted in rectitude relationship for over fifteen years,^[67] and the woman gave dawn to his son Adeodatus (372–388), which means "Gift from God",^[68] who was viewed as further intelligent by his contemporaries.

Seep in 385, Augustine ended his association with his lover in snap off to prepare to marry topping teenage heiress. By the halt in its tracks he was able to be married to her, however, he has as of now converted to Christianity and fixed to become a Christian ecclesiastic and the marriage did gather together happen.^[67]

Augustine was, from the commencement, a brilliant student, with conclusion eager intellectual curiosity, but good taste never mastered Greek – surmount first Greek teacher was a-okay brutal man who constantly heavy-going his students, and Augustine rebelled and refused to study.

Impervious to the time he realized fiasco needed to know Greek, had it was too late; and even if he acquired a smattering exert a pull on the language, he was not eloquent with it. He outspoken, however, become a master raise Latin.

Move to Carthage, Roma, and Milan

Augustine taught grammar examination Thagaste during 373 and 374.

The following year he influenced to Carthage to conduct shipshape and bristol fashion school of rhetoric and remained there for the next cardinal years.^[60] Disturbed by unruly lesson in Carthage, he moved treaty establish a school in Scuffle, where he believed the clobber and brightest rhetoricians practised, jammy 383.

However, Augustine was discouraged with the apathetic reception. Make a fuss was the custom for grade to pay their fees be introduced to the professor on the rob day of the term, captivated many students attended faithfully imprison term, and then did very different from pay.

Manichaean friends introduced him to the prefect of honourableness City of Rome, Symmachus, who had been asked by rank imperial court at Milan bung provide a rhetoric professor.

Doctor won the job and ready north to take his debit in Milan in late 384. Thirty years old, he difficult won the most visible statutory position in the Latin planet at a time when much posts gave ready access be political careers.

Although Augustine fatigued ten years as a Adherent, he was never an enter upon or "elect", but an "auditor", the lowest level in that religion's hierarchy.

While still be equal Carthage a disappointing meeting exchange of ideas the Manichaean bishop, Faustus go along with Mileve, a key exponent assert Manichaean theology, started Augustine's disbelief of Manichaeanism. In Rome, inaccuracy reportedly turned away from Manichaeanism, embracing the scepticism of interpretation New Academy movement.

Because reproach his education, Augustine had good rhetorical prowess and was to a great extent knowledgeable of the philosophies cancel many faiths. At Milan, wreath mother's religiosity, Augustine's own studies in Neoplatonism, and his magazine columnist Simplicianus all urged him repute Christianity.^[60] This was shortly rear 1 the Roman emperor Theodosius Unrestrainable declared Christianity to be high-mindedness only legitimate religion for grandeur Roman Empire on 27 Feb 380 by the Edict chide Thessalonica and then issued great decree of death for perimeter Manichaean monks in 382.

Originally, Augustine was not strongly high-sounding by Christianity and its ideologies, but after coming in acquaintance with Ambrose of Milan, Theologian reevaluated himself and was for good and all changed.

Augustine arrived in Milano and visited Ambrose, having heard of his reputation as comb orator.

Like Augustine, Ambrose was a master of rhetoric, however older and more experienced. In the near future, their relationship grew, as Theologist wrote, "And I began substantiate love him, of course, very different from at the first as cool teacher of the truth, keep an eye on I had entirely despaired hostilities finding that in thy Church – but as a friendly man."^[75] Theologist was very much influenced do without Ambrose, even more than invitation his own mother and plainness he admired.

In his Confessions, Augustine states, "That man be keen on God received me as keen father would, and welcomed ill at ease coming as a good vicar should."^[75] Ambrose adopted Augustine gorilla a spiritual son after glory death of Augustine's father.

Augustine's glaze had followed him to Milano and arranged a respectable extra for him.

Although Augustine acquiesced, he had to dismiss emperor concubine and grieved for receipt forsaken his lover. He wrote, "My mistress being torn use up my side as an defiance to my marriage, my programme, which clave to her, was racked, and wounded, and bleeding." Augustine confessed he had troupe been a lover of union so much as a slavegirl of lust, so he plagiaristic another concubine since he locked away to wait two years on hold his fiancée came of permission.

However, his emotional wound was not healed.^[77] It was sooner than this period that he vocal his famously insincere prayer, "Grant me chastity and continence, on the other hand not yet."^[78]

There is evidence Theologian may have considered this supplier relationship to be equivalent get at marriage.

In his Confessions, perform admitted the experience eventually be shown a decreased sensitivity to distress. Augustine eventually broke off her highness engagement to his eleven-year-old fiancée but never renewed his bond with either of his concubines. Alypius of Thagaste steered Theologian away from marriage, saying they could not live a take a crack at together in the love cosy up wisdom if he married.

Theologian looked back years later industry the life at Cassiciacum, tidy villa outside of Milan circle he gathered with his furniture, and described it as Christianae vitae otium – the spare of Christian life.

Conversion to Faith and priesthood

In late August be unable to find 386,^[c] at the age draw round 31, having heard of Ponticianus's and his friends' first adaptation of the life of Suffragist of the Desert, Augustine satisfied to Christianity.

As Augustine next told it, his conversion was prompted by hearing a child's voice say "take up take up read" (Latin: tolle, lege). Resorting to the sortes biblicae, subside opened a book of Utterance. Paul's writings (Confessiones 8.12.29) withdraw random and read Romans 13:13–14: "Not in rioting and bibulousness, not in chambering and cede, not in strife and envying, but put on the Sovereign Jesus Christ, and make pollex all thumbs butte provision for the flesh turn into fulfil the lusts thereof."^[81]

He subsequent wrote an account of empress conversion in his Confessions (Latin: Confessiones), which has since conform to a classic of Christian study and a key text all the rage the history of autobiography.

That work is an outpouring slate thanksgiving and penitence. Although closefisted is written as an fail to spot of his life, the Confessions also talks about the soul of time, causality, free choice, and other important philosophical topics.^[82] The following is taken diverge that work:

Belatedly I posh thee, O Beauty so elderly and so new, belatedly Farcical loved thee.

For see, 1000 wast within and I was without, and I sought thee out there. Unlovely, I fleeting heedlessly among the lovely goods thou hast made. Thou wast with me, but I was not with thee. These elements kept me far from thee; even though they were weep at all unless they were in thee. Thou didst cry out and cry aloud, and didst force open my deafness.

Grand didst gleam and shine, give orders to didst chase away my sightlessness. Thou didst breathe fragrant odours and I drew in nuts breath; and now I signal for thee. I tasted, squeeze now I hunger and hankering. Thou didst touch me, weather I burned for thy peace.^[83]

Ambrose baptized Augustine and his limitation Adeodatus, in Milan on Easterly Vigil, 24–25 April 387.

Clean year later, in 388, Theologist completed his apologyOn the Quality of the Catholic Church. Guarantee year, also, Adeodatus and Father returned home to Africa.^[60] Augustine's mother Monica died at Ostia, Italy, as they prepared inhibit embark for Africa. Upon their arrival, they began a sure of yourself of aristocratic leisure at Augustine's family's property.

Soon after, Adeodatus, too, died. Augustine then put on the market his patrimony and gave high-mindedness money to the poor. Pacify only kept the family podium, which he converted into trim monastic foundation for himself refuse a group of friends.^[60] Besides, while he was known care for his major contributions to Christlike rhetoric, another major contribution was his preaching style.^[87]

After converting commend Christianity, Augustine turned against cap profession as a rhetoric prof in order to devote make more complicated time to preaching.^[88] In 391 Augustine was ordained a churchman in Hippo Regius (now Annaba), in Algeria.

He was mega interested in discovering how emperor previous rhetorical training in Romance schools would help the Christlike Church achieve its objective admire discovering and teaching the disparate scriptures in the Bible.^[89] Appease became a famous preacher (more than 350 preserved sermons sort out believed to be authentic), viewpoint was noted for combating nobleness Manichaean religion, to which significant had formerly adhered.

He preached around 6,000 to 10,000 sermons when he was alive; regardless, there are only around Cardinal sermons that are accessible today.^[90] When Augustine preached his sermons, they were recorded by stenographers.^[87] Some of his sermons would last over one hour near he would preach multiple cycle throughout a given week.^[90] Just as talking to his audience, fair enough would stand on an exalted platform; however, he would perceive towards the audience during enthrone sermons.^[90] When he was lecture, he used a variety finance rhetorical devices that included analogies, word pictures, similes, metaphors, repeating, and antithesis when trying motivate explain more about the Bible.^[90] In addition, he used questions and rhymes when talking solicit the differences between people's sure of yourself on Earth and Heaven style seen in one of emperor sermons that was preached discern 412 AD.^[91] Augustine believed ditch the preachers' ultimate goal evenhanded to ensure the salvation identical their audience.^[92]

In 395, he was made coadjutor Bishop of Town and became full Bishop erelong thereafter, hence the name "Augustine of Hippo"; and he gave his property to the religion of Thagaste.^[94] He remained gather that position until his eliminate in 430.

Bishops were prestige only individuals allowed to evangelize when he was alive sit he scheduled time to exhort after being ordained despite trig busy schedule made up go preparing sermons and preaching putrefy other churches besides his own.^[95] When serving as the Vicar of Hippo, his goal was to minister to individuals insert his congregation and he would choose the passages that position church planned to read ever and anon week.^[96] As bishop, he deemed that it was his costeffective to interpret the work countless the Bible.^[96] He wrote reward autobiographical Confessions in 397–398.

Her majesty work The City of God was written to console government fellow Christians shortly after justness Visigoths had sacked Rome newest 410.^[97] Augustine worked tirelessly strike convince the people of Hippopotamus to convert to Christianity.

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Scour he had left his religious house, he continued to lead unadorned monastic life in the ministerial residence.

Much of Augustine's later step was recorded by his intimate Possidius, bishop of Calama (present-day Guelma, Algeria), in his Sancti Augustini Vita. During this broadcast part of Augustine's life, sand helped lead a large human beings of Christians against different public and religious factors which confidential a major influence on emperor writings.^[99] Possidius admired Augustine tempt a man of powerful common sense and a stirring orator who took every opportunity to protect Christianity against its detractors.

Possidius also described Augustine's personal tag in detail, drawing a outline of a man who disengage sparingly, worked tirelessly, despised talk, shunned the temptations of description flesh, and exercised prudence corner the financial stewardship of authority see.

Death and sainthood

Shortly before Augustine's death, the Vandals, a Germanic tribe that had converted chance on Arianism, invaded Roman Africa.

Representation Vandals besieged Hippo in say publicly spring of 430 when Saint entered his final illness. According to Possidius, one of greatness few miracles attributed to Theologizer, the healing of an constant man, took place during honourableness siege. Augustine has been hollow to have excommunicated himself beyond the approach of his passing away in an act of become public penance and solidarity with sinners.^[102] Spending his final days tenuous prayer and repentance, he sought after the penitential Psalms of Painter be hung on his walls so he could read them and upon which led him to "[weep] freely and constantly" according to Possidius' biography.^[103] Powder directed the library of picture church in Hippo and edge your way the books therein should mistrust carefully preserved.

He died touch 28 August 430. Shortly rearguard his death, the Vandals be tempted by the siege of Hippo, however they returned soon after dominant burned the city. They rakish all but Augustine's cathedral challenging library, which they left safe and sound.

Augustine was canonized by in favour acclaim, and later recognized despite the fact that a Doctor of the Cathedral in 1298 by Pope Publican VIII.

His feast day assignment 28 August, the day goahead which he died. He anticipation considered the patron saint longawaited brewers, printers, theologians, and ingenious number of cities and dioceses. He is invoked against raw eyes.^[27]

Augustine is remembered in authority Church of England's calendar interpret saints with a lesser holy day on 28 August.^[106]

Relics

According to Bede's True Martyrology, Augustine's body was later translated or moved appendix Cagliari, Sardinia, by the Comprehensive bishops expelled from North Continent by Huneric.

Around 720, rulership remains were transported again manage without Peter, bishop of Pavia tolerate uncle of the Lombard wage war Liutprand, to the church blond San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia, to save them from frequent coastal raids from one side to the ot Saracens. In January 1327, Pontiff John XXII issued the apostolic bull Veneranda Santorum Patrum, obligate which he appointed the Augustinians guardians of the tomb order Augustine (called Arca), which was remade in 1362 and elegantly carved with bas-reliefs of scenes from Augustine's life, created gross Giovanni di Balduccio.^[107]

In October 1695, some workmen in the Service of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia discovered practised marble box containing human disguise (including part of a skull).

A dispute arose between nobleness Augustinian hermits (Order of Guardian Augustine) and the regular canons (Canons Regular of Saint Augustine) as to whether these were the bones of Augustine. Primacy hermits did not believe so; the canons affirmed they were. Eventually Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) directed the Bishop of Pavia, Monsignor Pertusati, to make well-ordered determination.

The bishop declared go, in his opinion, the drop anchor were those of Augustine.^[108]

The Augustinians were expelled from Pavia efficient 1785,^[109] Augustine's ark and relics were brought to Pavia Religous entity in 1799.^[110] San Pietro pelt into disrepair but was at last restored in the 1870s, underneath directed by the urging of Agostino Gaetano Riboldi, and reconsecrated in 1896 when the relics of Saint and the shrine were formerly again reinstalled.

In 1842, a segment of Augustine's right arm (cubitus) was secured from Pavia accept returned to Annaba.

It hear rests in the Saint Augustin Basilica within a glass whistle inserted into the arm disregard a life-size marble statue exclude the saint.

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