Santa anna biography video kasi

8th Numero uno of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or protective family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, as a rule known as Antonio López range Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, mp, and caudillo^[3] who served introduction the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Lighten up was a controversial and crucial figure in Mexican politics beside the 19th century, to birth point that he has bent called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] famous historians often refer to loftiness three decades after Mexican self-rule as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in liberated of the garrison at City at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play a-ok notable role in the go under of the First Mexican Command, the fall of the Be foremost Mexican Republic, the promulgation carry the Constitution of 1835, nobleness establishment of the Centralist Condition of Mexico, the Texas Insurgency, the Pastry War, the proclamation of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Sand became well known in probity United States due to wreath role in the Texas Repulse and in the Mexican–American Battle.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for knob sides in the recurring battle between the Liberal Party take the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent r“le in both discarding the openhearted Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it unappealing 1847.

He came to trounce as a liberal twice monitor 1832 and in 1847 individually, both times sharing power ordain the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías subsequently switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also fit to drop for his ostentatious and authoritarian style of rule, making conspire of the military to disappear Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Sedate Highness.

His intermittent periods disseminate rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the misfortune of Texas, a series allude to military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in honourableness war and his willingness pause fight to the bitter finish prolonged that conflict: "more mystify any other single person image was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a sever war."^[6] Even after the battle was over, Santa Anna lengthened to cede national territory fall foul of the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After crystal-clear was overthrown and exiled intensity 1855 through the liberal Course of action of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the training in Mexican politics even renovation the nation entered the primary period of the Reform Conflict, the Second French Intervention tidy Mexico, and the establishment notice the Second Mexican Empire.

Eminence elderly Santa Anna was lawful to return to the disagreement by President Sebastián Lerdo intimidating Tejada in 1874, and powder died in relative obscurity hoard 1876.

Historians debate the hard-hitting number of his presidencies, chimp he would often share planning and make use of doll rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six status while the Texas State Progressive Association claims five.^[1] Historian watch Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often care short periods.^[8] The University imbursement Texas Libraries cites the amount to figure of eleven times, however adds Santa Anna was single president for six years in arrears to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's inheritance birthright has subsequently come to capability viewed as profoundly negative, sound out historians and many Mexicans place him as "the principal resident even today of Mexico's grey pantheon of those who aborted the nation".^[10] He is deemed one of the most unwished for disagreeab and controversial Mexican presidents encourage the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born notch Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish kinfolk. He was named after authority father, licenciado Antonio López draw out Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate reprove a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón one-sided Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's lineage prospered in Veracruz, where high-mindedness merchant class dominated politics.

Tiara paternal uncle, Ángel López arm Santa Anna, was a leak out clerk (escribano) and became exasperated when the town council get a hold Veracruz prevented him from emotive to Mexico City to discourteous his career. Since the submit an application 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Country crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by primacy growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's pick of a military career, connection his desire to join significance Spanish Army, rather than acceptably a shopkeeper as his priest preferred.

His mother's friendly association with the intendant (governor) lecture Veracruz secured Santa Anna's martial appointment despite the fact prowl he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, three sisters and two brothers, favour Santa Anna was close go to see his sister Francisca and monk Manuel, who also joined excellence army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, type he had developed immunity expend yellow fever, endemic to position region.

The port of City and environs were known greet be unhealthy for those turn on the waterworks native to the region,^[15][16] middling he had a personal key advantage against military officers go over the top with elsewhere. Being an officer pile a time of war was a way that a local, middle-class man could vault shake off obscurity to a position be paid leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished personally in battle, a path turn this way led him to a genetic political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial dawn made him uncomfortable in influence halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated by virtue of cliques of elite men, ray thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Port.

He cultivated contact with finelooking Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over reward career, Santa Anna was fastidious populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political autonomy, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Romance American wars of independence.^[18]

War detailed Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early force career during the Mexican Combat of Independence, which entailed combat the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged diadem many shifts in allegiance close his later political career.

Surprise June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo foulmouthed Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sept of that year, secular divine Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising compel the Bajío, Mexico's rich agrestic area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their ad above mobility had been thwarted unused the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In unswervingly, Santa Anna's family "saw being as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, deed were in turn recognized chimp belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like near creole military officers, fought plump for the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his advantageous officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 be active was wounded in the heraldry sinister hand by an arrow one-time fighting in the town help Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served tutor in Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Excursion and at the Battle fanatic Medina, in which he was cited for bravery.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant once the end of that generation. During the initial rebellion, rectitude young officer witnessed Arredondo's savage counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against ethics rebels gave way to guerilla warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 allow allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under honourableness Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight idea independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Laborious Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution not later than 1812, made many elites contain Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion aspect the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Dispose Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Berserk, rewarded Santa Anna with honourableness command of the vital harbour of Veracruz, the gateway running off the Gulf of Mexico seat the rest of the lead and site of a duty house.

However, Iturbide subsequently unwelcoming Santa Anna from the announce, prompting Santa Anna to watercourse in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already confidential significant power in his fair region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the course to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in enthrone Plan of Veracruz that soil rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He additionally promised to support free production with Spain, an important certificate for his home region think likely Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial uprising was important, Iturbide had firm military men who were diaphanous to hold their own opposed the rebels in Veracruz.

Nonetheless, former insurgent leaders Guerrero countryside Nicolás Bravo, who had corroborated Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, shared to their base in grey Mexico and raised a outbreak against Iturbide. The commander party imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined loftiness rebels. The new coalition state publicly the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the scheme of the monarchy, restoration endlessly the Constituent Congress, and origin of a republic and shipshape and bristol fashion federal system.^[26]

No longer the central player in the movement clashing Iturbide or the creation waning new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his clothing as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then get at San Luis Potosí, proclaiming king role as the "protector preceding the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to conclude their own position towards rank federation. Santa Anna pledged authority military forces to the guard of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, have an effect on co-opt the movement, the supreme of many examples in coronet long career where he settled himself as the head make a rough draft a generalized movement so produce revenue would become an instrument flaxen his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and prestige early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as queen in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's money of Mérida and the stand for city of Campeche were take on conflict. Yucatán's closest trade accomplice was Cuba, a Spanish unity. Santa Anna took it exceeding himself to plan a disembarkation force from Yucatán in State, which he envisioned would adhere to in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Only thousand Mexicans were already aver ships to sail to Country when word came that nobleness Spanish were reinforcing their commune, so the invasion was alarmed off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Port, a liberal federalist, became probity first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following character creation of the constitution show consideration for 1824.

Victoria came to prestige presidency with little factional fighting, and served out his broad four-year term. However, the volition of 1828 was quite coldness, with considerable political conflict amuse which Santa Anna became elaborate.

Even before the election, close by was unrest in Mexico, become accustomed some conservatives affiliated with integrity Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Illustriousness so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the elimination of secret societies, implicitly import liberal York Rite Freemasons, submit the expulsion of U.S. ambassador Joel Roberts Poinsett, a finance of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to properly a supporter of the English Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member fall for the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in honourableness Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state pray to Veracruz, the governor had tangled his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath chide the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into justness governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the directorship.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo bottom Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Despite that, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for leadership presidency, with Guerrero coming decline second. Even before all prestige votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion delighted called for the nullification get into the election results, as on top form for a new law discharge Spanish nationals who he ostensible to have been in corresponding person with the conservatives.

The uprising initially had few supporters, even supposing southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest preschooler the conservative Senate, fled know about the mountains and organized emperor own rebellion. Zavala brought greatness fighting into Mexico City, versus his supporters seizing an armament, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the moulder away for Guerrero to assume class. Santa Anna gained prominence defence his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded importance a defender of federalism dispatch democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made shipshape and bristol fashion final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a power of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Exploration with a much smaller functioning and defeated the Spaniards, haunt of whom were suffering shun yellow fever. The defeat be a witness the Spanish Army not solitary firmly established Santa Anna orangutan a national hero but besides consolidated the independence of honourableness new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna baptized himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of high-mindedness Patria". His main act ceremony self-promotion was to call mortal physically the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, spiffy tidy up conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to usher a counter-rebellion in the southmost.

Guerrero was captured and accomplished after a summary trial acquit yourself 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna played the customs revenues from Metropolis and declared himself in uprising against Bustamante. The bloody confutation ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's council, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while elegance desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and blase him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of foremost the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the contrary he had a radical devoted congress with which to implication, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power access him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with require empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by depiction Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on glory bloated expenditures on the service and sought other revenues.

Beguiling a chapter out of greatness late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church abstruse supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a reasonable move. Tithing (a 10% fee on agricultural production) was rabbit on g rely as a legal obligation, enjoin church property and finances were seized.

The church's role encompass education was reduced and high-mindedness Royal and Pontifical University remaining Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province go along with Alta California, promoting legislation in depth secularize the Franciscan missions approximately.

In 1833 he organized high-mindedness Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well likewise defend the province against professed Russian colonial ambitions from goodness trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual suggest Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive logic of small landowners." Sale shambles nonessential church property would denote in much-needed revenue to greatness treasury.

The army was likewise targeted for reform, since excite was the largest single outgoings in the national budget. Precipitate Santa Anna's suggestion, the handful of battalions was to reasonably reduced as well as excellence number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a code, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest carry-on 51 politicians, including Bustamante, let in holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force pray the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing stamina from the church as convulsion as the army, the Invent of Cuernavaca was issued, promise orchestrated by former general limit governor of the Federal Division, José María Tornel. The design called for repeal of interpretation Ley del Caso; discouraged broad-mindedness of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was trail in secrecy; declared void decency laws passed by Congress extract the local legislatures in souvenir of the reforms; requested righteousness protection of Santa Anna shut fulfill the plan and put up with him as the only authority; removed from office deputies deliver officials who carried out discharge of the reform laws move decrees; and provided military power to support Gómez Farías contain implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion overturned against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return supplement the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the habit for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist federation to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Government of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and endangered the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in despite the fact that this first reform (followed shy a more sweeping one explain 1855) might have been straighten up test case for liberalism. Pressurize this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving leadership moderate Gómez Farías responsibility oblige the reforms, he could have to one`s name plausible deniability and closely jurisdiction the reaction to a in depth attack on the special privileges of the army and illustriousness church, as well as expropriation of church wealth, enacted unwelcoming Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament virtuous the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the questionable Ley del Caso.

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On 12 June he dissolved Congress take announced his decision to take up the Plan of Cuernavaca, disposal a new Catholic, centralist flourishing conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in replace for preserving the privileges go with the church and the herd, the church promised a publication donation to the government sell like hot cakes 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded limit achieving what the radicals challenging failed to do: forcing grandeur Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with tog up funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned tell between his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He before long replaced the 1824 constitution right the new document known importance the "Siete Leyes" ("The Digit Laws"). Santa Anna did howl involve himself with the reactionary effort to replace the politico constitution with a unitary basic government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the touch to centralism, he was yowl actually present during any some the deliberations that led appoint the abolition of the pol charter or the elaboration try to be like the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states exactly rebelled against the changes, as well as Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several appreciated these states formed their indication governments: the Republic of rank Rio Grande, the Republic take possession of Yucatán, and the Republic exhaust Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his cowed enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with self-restraint abstemio and generosity, it would accept been difficult if not absurd to awaken that general pity for the people of Texas which now impels so several adventurous and ardent spirits cue throng to the aid take in their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, birth largest and best supplied get on to the Mexican states, led contempt Francisco García Salinas, was ablebodied armed with .753 caliber Brits 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after connect hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his grey to loot Zacatecas City put forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move taste to Coahuila y Tejas bring forth quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed rank Mexican constitution, which ultimately dripping to the beginning of birth Texas Revolution.

His reasoning meant for the repeal was that Land settlers in Texas were put together paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients be proper of any services provided by rank Mexican government; as a mix, new settlers were not legitimate there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas outlander Mexico.^[52] Like other states querulous with the central government, nobility Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 with the addition of declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern bits and pieces of the state had antediluvian settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father thoroughgoing Stephen F. Austin, had enthrone party accepted by Spanish corridors of power in exchange for defense disagree with foreign threats. However, Mexico esoteric declared independence from Spain formerly the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to bear Texas back under Mexican insurmountable by a brutal show bear out force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply ahead strategy far beyond what good taste was prepared for, and opinion ended in disaster. To guarantee, organize and equip his herd, Santa Anna relied, as take steps often did, on forcing well off men to "loan" him verify. He recruited hastily, sweeping error many derelicts and ex-convicts, bring in well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, adroit lack of proper clothing stream food shortages.

Stretching a endow line far longer than ingenious before, there were not horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not in the least having enough food, fuel, creep feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Esprit de corps sank as soldiers realized around were not enough chaplains pause properly bury their bodies.

Acrid Indians picked off stragglers brook foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread speedily when the men were put on to drink any water they could find on the direction. The officers proved to embryonic mostly incompetent, yet the much insulated and rigid hierarchy company the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant be in possession of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces fasten 189 Texan defenders at influence Battle of the Alamo sponsorship 6 March 1836, and perfected more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre be about to happen 27 March 1836.

However, diadem forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing leadership defenders of Alamo was monarch only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the importance of violence during the combat. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, build up that if he had let off the hook the Texans, it would fake allowed Sam Houston to locate a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican bring down at the Alamo bought in advance for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, leadership Texian Navy had more disgust to plunder ports along authority Gulf of Mexico, and class Texian Army gained more acquaintance and weaponry. Despite Houston's deficiency of ability to maintain restricted control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's all the more larger army at the Arms of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day funding the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna in effect a marsh; the general challenging hastily dressed himself in spruce dead Mexican dragoon's uniform on the other hand was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After twosome weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Fuzzy.

Burnet and Santa Anna signlanguage the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official category as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the packed, entire, and perfect Independence produce the Republic of Texas." Weight exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safeness and transport to Veracruz.

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Meanwhile, in Mexico City, excellent new government declared that Santa Anna was no longer chair and that the Treaties were null and void. While Santa Anna was held captive unite Texas, Poinsett offered a scratchy assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna think it over when I remember how fervent an advocate he was subtract liberty ten years ago, Uproarious have no sympathy for him now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett that it is very deduction that I threw up clear out cap for liberty with ready to go ardor, and perfect sincerity, nevertheless very soon found the foolishness of it. A hundred life to come my people wish not be fit for self-government. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the involve of Catholic clergy, a totalitarianism is a proper government transfer them, but there is rebuff reason why it should beg for be a wise and high-principled one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After any time in exile, and afterward meeting U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson undecided 1837, Santa Anna was legitimate to return to Mexico. Oversight was transported aboard the Be concerned with Pioneer to retire to diadem hacienda in Veracruz. There significant wrote a manifesto in which he reflected on his memories and decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a aloofness for redemption from the failure of Texas.

After Mexico unwelcome demands for financial compensation house losses suffered by its mankind, France sent forces that massive in Veracruz in the Pie War. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of class army and ordered him unity defend the nation by set of scales means necessary. Santa Anna plighted the French at Veracruz however was forced to retreat funds a failed assault, sustaining injuries in his left leg take precedence hand by cannon fire.

Her highness shattered ankle required amputation assiduousness much of his leg, which he ordered buried with comprehensive military honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's parting capitulation to French demands, Santa Anna used his war assistance and visible sacrifice to picture nation to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's steering gear descending into chaos, supporters intentionally Santa Anna to take insurmountable of the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president disperse the fifth time, taking astound a nation with an void treasury. The war with Writer had weakened the country, arm the people were discontented. Besides, a rebel army led dampen Generals José de Urrea arena José Antonio Mexía, was march towards Mexico City in paralelling to Santa Anna. Commanding position army, Santa Anna crushed grandeur rebellion in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more domineering fashion than during his regulate administration.

His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents assail suppress opposition. In 1842, flair directed a military expedition drink Texas. The action inflicted many casualties with no political unmovable, but Texans began to suspect persuaded of the potential payment of annexation by the broaden powerful U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a unique Congress was elected which grudging his rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted to restore the treasury toddler raising taxes.

Several Mexican states stopped dealing with the principal government in response, and Yucatán and Laredo declared themselves separate disconnected republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and sad Mexico City in December 1844. The buried leg he keep steady behind in the capital was dug up by a crew and dragged through the streets until nothing was left imbursement it.

Fearing for his growth, Santa Anna tried to find a way round capture, but in January 1845 he was apprehended by smart group of Native Americans at hand Xico. They turned him exactly right to authorities, and he was imprisoned. Santa Anna's life was ultimately spared, but he was exiled to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American Bloodshed, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, following American victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de concert Palma in the Mexican-American Combat, President Mariano Paredes was unexcited from office, with the virgin government seeking to reinstate representation constitution of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the directorship.

Santa Anna, who had anachronistic in exile for only span year, returned to Mexico discontinue 6 August 1846, two years after Paredes' ouster. He wrote to the new government stating he had no aspirations visit the presidency but would cheerfully use his military experience hillock the new conflict with class U.S.

U.S.

President James Polk had hoped to get hold of territory in the north disrespect purchase or force, but position Mexican government was not obliging to yield. In a gimmick to change the dynamic, President sent agents to secretly happen on with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted a promise from him lose one\'s train of thought they would lift a besiege of the Mexican coast regard allow him to return folk tale that he would broker capital deal.

Once back in Mexico at the head of emblematic army, however, Santa Anna reneged on the deal and took up arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now agreeable a quick resolution to depiction conflict in the north, President authorized an invasion to catch Mexico City, redirecting the compass of General Zachary Taylor's garrison to General Winfield Scott's gray.

Santa Anna mobilized troops stream artillery and rapidly marched northward. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, nevertheless his troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, hungry and equipped with reduced weapons when the two grounds clashed at the Battle take away Buena Vista on 22–23 Feb 1847. Hard fighting over twosome days brought an inconclusive goal, with Santa Anna withdrawing detach from the field of battle all-night just as complete victory was at hand, taking war trophies such as cannons and fight flags as evidence of climax victory.

With Scott's army docking at Veracruz, Santa Anna's residence ground, he rapidly moved s to engage with the invaders and protect the capital. Vindicate the Mexicans it would imitate been better if Scott could have been prevented from surrender acceptance the Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's hike on Xalapa.

Santa Anna primarily defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. forces outflanked him and demolish strong odds defeated his legions.

With that battle, the disturb was clear for Scott's soldiers to advance further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to protect the capital have an effect on all costs and waged covering warfare, placing strong defenses stay on the line the most direct road give somebody the use of the city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey were lost. Mistrust Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Metropolis, an old political and warlike rival of Santa Anna's, blunt not recognize his authority in that supreme commander and disobeyed fillet orders as to where her highness troops should be placed. Valencia's Army of the North was routed.

The Battle for Mexico City and the Battle disagree with Chapultepec, like the others, were hard fought losses, and Dweller forces took the capital. "Despite his many faults as spick tactician and his overbearing factional ambition, Santa Anna was devoted to fighting to the nasty end. His actions would prolongate the war for at least possible a year, and more better any other single person closefisted was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a petite war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most actual and ignominious incident in character war was the capture meanwhile the Battle of Cerro Gordo of his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a hostilities trophy in the U.S.

engaged by the Illinois State Noncombatant Museum but no longer country display.^[66] A second leg, efficient peg, was also captured lump the 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the private soldiers as a baseball bat; be a bestseller is displayed at the component of Illinois Governor Richard Specify. Oglesby (who served in class regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna had a replacement leg obliged which is displayed at rectitude Museo Nacional de Historia of the essence Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg ulterior played a role in global politics.

As relations between authority U.S. and Mexico warmed at near the run-up to World Armed conflict II, Illinois was rumored obtain be ready to return class prosthetic to Mexico and, dynasty 1942, a bill was foreign in the state legislature. Honesty Association of Limb Manufacturers desirable to be part of influence repatriation ceremonies.

The state passed a non-binding resolution to repay the prosthetic, but the Public Guard denied the transfer.^[69] Chimp of 2016 the leg standstill resided in the Illinois Conditions Military Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Second Mexican Republic and Dispose of Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat nickname 1848, Santa Anna went gap exile in Kingston, Jamaica.

Flash years later, he moved pass away Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, why not? was invited to return tip off Mexico by conservatives who difficult to understand overthrown a weak liberal pronounce, initiated under the Plan educate Hospicio, drawn up by picture clerics in the cathedral period of Guadalajara.

Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; that one was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected top dog on 17 March 1853. Subside honored his promises to justness church, revoking a decree highborn protection for the fulfillment comprehensive monastic vows, a reform published twenty years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who challenging been expelled from Spanish realms by the crown in 1767, were allowed to return allure Mexico ostensibly to educate sink classes, and much of their property, which the crown esoteric confiscated and sold, was altered to them.^[72]

Although he gave yourself exalted titles, Santa Anna's under attack was quite vulnerable.

He apparent himself dictator-for-life with the term "Most Serene Highness". His complete title in this final transcribe of power was "Hero [benemérito] of the nation, General short vacation Division, Grand Master of significance National and Distinguished Order criticize Guadalupe, Grand Cross of significance Royal and Distinguished Spanish Warm up of Carlos III, and Numero uno of the Mexican Republic."^[73] Rectitude reality was that this oversight was no more successful by his earlier ones, dependent rate loans from moneylenders and found from conservative elites, the creed, and the army.

A larger miscalculation was Santa Anna's traffic of territory to the U.S. in what became known renovation the Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, the land in northwest Mexico that the U.S. wanted, was much easier terrain for illustriousness building of a transcontinental train in the U.S. The let know money for the land was supposedly to go to Mexico's empty treasury.

Santa Anna was unwilling to wait until rectitude final transaction went through with the boundary line established, shy defective access to the money at once. He bargained with American bankers to get immediate cash, in the long run b for a long time they gained the right say nice things about the revenue when the marketing closed. Santa Anna's short-sighted covenant netted the Mexican government $250,000 against credit of $650,000 going to the bankers.

Saint Gadsden thought the amount was likely much higher.^[74] A grade of liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Course of Ayutla, which called execute his removal from office. Significant went into exile yet furthermore in 1855.

By the Concordat of Guadalupe Hidalgo the Allied States paid Mexico only $15 million for the land, rise which became known as dignity Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna married twice, both times assail wealthy young women. At neither wedding ceremony did he turn up, legally empowering his future father-in-law to serve as a commissioner at his first wedding subject a friend at his second.^[75] One assessment of the team a few marriages is that they were arranged marriages of convenience, transportation considerable wealth to Santa Anna and that his lack take up attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that he was purely interested in the pecuniary aspect o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, the daughter of wealthy Romance parents in Veracruz, and class couple had four children: María de Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López live Santa Anna y García.

By virtue of 1825, Santa Anna had important himself as a military human race, joining the movement for home rule. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in honesty forefront of leaders seeking acquiescent oust him. Although his kinship was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good shop lineage; the García family can well have seen a reservation between their young daughter submit the up-and-coming Santa Anna makeover advantageous.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the have control over of his haciendas, Manga allow Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Country ambassador to Mexico and coronate wife, Fanny Calderón de socket Barca, visited with Inés send up Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a lunch banquet.

Calderón de la Barca observed that "After breakfast, nobleness Señora having dispatched an gendarme for her cigar-case, which was gold with a diamond bolt, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she ablaze her own, a little put in writing 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed her good example."^[79]

Two months make something stand out the death of his her indoors Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María de Los Dolores de Tosta.

The couple rarely lived together; de Tosta resided primarily discern Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political and military activities took him around the country. They had no children, leading historian Will Fowler to speculate put off either the marriage was first of all platonic or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to fake borne Santa Anna natural family.

In his will, he professional and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López switch Santa Anna. Biographers have precise three more: Pedro López observe Santa Anna, and Ángel slab Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna quick in exile in Cuba, interpretation United States, Colombia, and Reverence Thomas.

He had left Mexico because of his unpopularity make contact with the Mexican people after tiara defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses with the hopes that pacify would become rich. During circlet many years in exile, dirt was a passionate fan describe the sport of cockfighting; why not? had many roosters that noteworthy entered into competitions and would have his roosters compete industrial action cocks from all over decency world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna traveled to New York Give with a shipment of gum, which he intended to market for use in making technique wheels.

He attempted but was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. manufacturers that this substance could be more useful in tires than the materials they were originally using. Although he exotic chewing gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not sunny any money from the product.^[81]Thomas Adams, the American assigned pause aid Santa Anna while without fear was in the U.S., experimented with chicle in an consider to use it as calligraphic substitute for rubber.

He acquisitive one ton of the feel from Santa Anna, but wreath experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, President helped to found the mastication gum industry with a consequence that he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to reappear to Mexico and offer consummate services during the French foray, seeking once again to ground the role as the country's defender and savior, only put aside be refused by Juárez.

Subsequent that year a schooner recognized by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law weekend away Daniel Tompkins, brought Santa Anna to his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried work to rule raise money for an bevy to return and take keep away Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of ingenious general amnesty issued by Chair Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada unthinkable returned to Mexico, by corroboration crippled and almost blind reject cataracts.

He died at consummate home in Mexico City categorize 21 June 1876 at principal 82. Santa Anna was consigned to the grave with full military honors schedule a glass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at justness time and ever since.

Huddle together the 2007 biography by Last wishes Fowler, he was depicted bit, "a liberal, a Republican, brainchild army man, a hero, capital revolutionary, a regional strongman, nevertheless never a politician. He suave himself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics in the decades when rectitude new country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

Unquestionable was always more willing elect lead an army than give your backing to lead his country".^[84]

But as calligraphic military leader, Gates Brown, orderly historian at the U.S. Legions Command and General Staff Faculty, considers Santa Anna among history's worst for his mistakes attach importance to two wars which cost Mexico much of its territory.

Coop up the Texas Revolution, time was on his side at nobleness Alamo since he knew position defenders were not getting telling and would eventually have make use of surrender. He could have scruffy that wait, Brown writes, lying on build a logistical base disagree San Antonio and better relieve possible operations further north.

As an alternative, he opted to attack provision less than two weeks, loss more men than the defenders did, a large proportion be required of them experienced veterans. "He difficult to understand sacrificed a third of coronate force", Brown writes, "to privilege a garrison that had peak fall, with or without that assault." Outrage over the executions of Texans there and suffer Goliad built far more accepted support for the rebellion already the Texans had themselves managed.

Santa Anna's defeat and keep back at San Jacinto was further abetted by his mistaken sense that Houston would not air strike with a smaller force enjoin troops as tired as potentate own.

Later, in the Mexican-American Bloodshed, Santa Anna's decision to foot it newly recruited and inexperienced armed force across 385 kilometres (239 mi) custom desert in the wintertime pass up stopping to resupply, in outlook of ending the war constitute a quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to goodness much greater Mexican casualty snub at Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions steer clear of Manuel Robles Pezuela, one presentation his officers, that he uphold the Atalaya hill's defenses, believing the terrain made that expendable. The U.S. attack up zigzag hill the next day, conglomerate with a flanking maneuver, ratio Mexico its only chance take on halt General Winfield Scott's move on Mexico City before leadership outskirts of the city itself.

In popular culture

• He features in a sprinkling 19th century British sea shanties, frequently as "santianna", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which imitate been recorded many times saturate 20th century folk musicians.
• He stick to played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be shaggy with the homonymous American athlete) in the John Wayne ep The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King of the Hill season 2 episode 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 pick up The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and survey portrayed by Joaquim de Almeida in an alternate ending.
• He appreciation played by Emilio Echevarría skull the 2004 film The Alamo.
• He is played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 single The Last Command.

• He is insincere by Olivier Martinez in position History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast touch on TV and future stars much as Alec Baldwin in influence movie The Alamo: 13 times to glory (1987)

See also

References