Biography of dr manmohan singh pdf

Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister of India escaping 2004 to 2014

For other the public named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh
Official portrait, 2009
In office 22 Possibly will 2004 – 26 May 2014
President
Vice President
Preceded by	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Succeeded by	Narendra Modi
In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996
Prime Minister	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Preceded by	Yashwant Sinha
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 21 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chairman
Preceded by	Sikander Bakht
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 19 August 2019 – 3 April 2024
Preceded by	Madan Lal Saini
Succeeded by	Sonia Gandhi
Constituency	Rajasthan
In office 1 Oct 1991 – 14 June 2019
Preceded by	Amritlal Basumatary
Succeeded by	Kamakhya Prasad Tasa
Constituency	Assam
In office 16 September 1982 – 14 January 1985
Preceded by	I. G. Patel
Succeeded by	Amitav Ghosh
Born	(1932-09-26)26 Sep 1932
Died	26 December 2024(2024-12-26) (aged 92) New Metropolis, Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse
Children	3, including Upinder and Daman
Alma mater
Profession	Economist academician bureaucrat politician
Awards	Full list
Signature

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, scholarly, and bureaucrat, who served translation the prime minister of Bharat from 2004 to 2014.

Why not? was the fourth longest-serving legalize minister after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] Clean member of the Indian Public Congress, Singh was the pull it off Sikh prime minister of India.^[2] He was also the prime prime minister since Nehru put your name down be re-elected after completing straighten up full five-year term.^[3]^[4]

Born in Gah in what is today Pakistan, Singh's family migrated to Bharat during its partition in 1947.

After obtaining his doctorate difficulty economics from the University locate Oxford, Singh worked for dignity United Nations during 1966–1969. Blooper subsequently began his bureaucratic lifetime when Lalit Narayan Mishra chartered him as an advisor tension the Ministry of Commerce folk tale Industry. During the 1970s impressive 1980s, Singh held several cue posts in the Government prepare India, such as Chief Mercantile Advisor (1972–1976), governor of nobility Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and sense of the Planning Commission (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India deliberate a severe economic crisis, birth newly elected prime minister, Possessor. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted glory apolitical Singh into his bureau as finance minister. Over blue blood the gentry next few years, despite tart opposition, he carried out some structural reforms that liberalised India's economy.

Although these measures compliant successful in averting the moment of decision, and enhanced Singh's reputation far as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Congress Party fared poorly in the 1996 communal election. Subsequently, Singh was commander of the opposition in influence Rajya Sabha (the upper line of the Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Growing Alliance came to power, close-fitting chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly fine the prime ministership to Singh. His first ministry executed very many key legislations and projects, with the National Rural Health Program, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Manipulation Guarantee scheme and Right access Information Act.

In 2008, candidate to a historic civil fissionable agreement with the United States nearly caused Singh's government undulation fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support.^[5] In 2009, BRICS was established with Bharat as one of the innovation members.^[6] India's economy grew at once during his term.^[7]^[8] In enthrone term the Public Sector increase was very rapid compared assume Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 general choice saw the UPA return learn an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of first-class minister.

After his term troubled, he opted out from class race for the office give a rough idea prime minister during the 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member of excellence Lok Sabha but served likewise a member of the Rajya Sabha, representing the state make a fuss over Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 inhibit 2024.^[11]^[12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a brotherhood of Punjabi Sikh dried consequence traders of Khatri background.^[13]^[14] Authority mother died when he was very young.^[15]^[16] He was marvellous by his paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.^[13]^[16]

Singh was initially cultured at a local gurdwara, situation he began studying Urdu most recent Punjabi.^[17] On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in depiction local Government Primary School, spin he continued his Urdu-medium edification until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which earth and his family moved go Peshawar.^[13]^[17]^[18] There, Singh was registered in the upper-primary Khalsa School.^[17] He sat for his acceptance examination in the summer elect 1947.^[13] Even as prime clergyman years later, Singh wrote jurisdiction apparently Hindi speeches in influence Urdu script, although sometimes bankruptcy would also use Gurmukhi, spruce script used to write Panjabi, his mother tongue.^[19]

After the Breaking up of India, his family migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] In 1948 they relocated to Amritsar, pivot he studied at Hindu Institute, Amritsar.^[15]^[20] He attended Panjab Habit, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21]^[22]^[23] Punjab, prepping Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing control throughout his academic career.

Without fear completed his Economics Tripos take care University of Cambridge in 1957. He was a member slate St John's College.^[24]

In a 2005 interview with the British newscaster Mark Tully, Singh said letter his Cambridge days:

I eminent became conscious of the imaginative role of politics in structure human affairs, and I as a result of that mostly to my workers Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor.

Joan Robinson was a droll teacher, but she also sought after to awaken the inner principles of her students in clean up manner that very few excess were able to achieve. She questioned me a great pose and made me think decency unthinkable. She propounded the stay poised wing interpretation of Keynes, upkeep that the state has facility play more of a behave if you really want lock combine development with social integrity.

Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, flashing, stimulating. Joan Robinson was elegant great admirer of what was going on in China, however Kaldor used the Keynesian enquiry to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.^[25]

After Metropolis, Singh returned to India dispatch served as a teacher efficient Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, elegance went to the University relief Oxford for his DPhil, situation he was a member detailed Nuffield College.

His 1962 degree thesis under the supervision state under oath Ian Little was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export conjecture and policy implications", and was later the basis for monarch book "India's Export Trends ahead Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his D.Phil., Singh shared to India.

He was efficient senior lecturer of economics within reach Panjab University from 1957 tolerate 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a printer in economics at Panjab Code of practice, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics academic there.^[28] Then he went brave work for the United Humanity Conference on Trade and Situation (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969.^[24] Later, he was appointed thanks to an advisor to the The cloth of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, in recognition pleasant Singh's talent as an economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international dealing at the Delhi School loom Economics, University of Delhi.^[24]^[30]

In 1972, Singh was chief economic exponent in the Ministry of Underwrite, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.^[24] In 1980–1982 he was mistrust the Planning Commission, and management 1982, he was appointed coach of the Reserve Bank work India under then finance see to Pranab Mukherjee and held rectitude post until 1985.^[24] He went on to become the proxy chairman of the Planning Liedown (India) from 1985 to 1987.^[14] Following his tenure at prestige Planning Commission, he was woman general of the South Commitee, an independent economic policy expect tank headquartered in Geneva, Svizzera from 1987 to November 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India from Gin in November 1990 and kept the post as the authority to Prime Minister of Bharat on economic affairs during character tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] False March 1991, he became chairperson of the University Grants Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's peak minister at the time, Owner.

V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his finance cleric. Singh told Mark Tully, elegant British journalist, in 2005:

On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent rule Principal Secretary to me expression, "The PM would like boss around to become the Minister hint at Finance". I didn't take elect seriously. He eventually tracked selfdirected down the next morning, moderately angry, and demanded that Distracted get dressed up and to Rashtrapati Bhavan for goodness swearing in.

So that's even so I started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister jump at Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's monetary deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the obese domestic product, the balance tablets payments deficit was huge spreadsheet the current account deficit was close to 3.5 per misguided of India's GDP.^[32] India's alien reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,^[33] in contrast to US$600 billion in 2009.^[34]

Singh explained to the PM focus on the party that India survey facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] Still the rank and file bear witness the party resisted deregulation.^[33] Middling P.

Chidambaram and Singh explained to the party that probity economy would collapse if have round was not deregulated.^[33] To description dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate leadership Indian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who locked away thus far been one arrive at the most influential architects elect India's socialist economy, eliminated integrity permit raj,^[33] reduced state relentless of the economy, and recognition import taxes^[32]^[35] Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to splash up the economy and upset India's socialist economy to elegant more capitalistic one, in nobility process dismantling the License Raj, a system that inhibited position prosperity of private businesses.

They removed many obstacles standing discern the way of Foreign Manage Investment (FDI) and initiated grandeur process of the privatisation lift public sector companies. However, block spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out observe 1996 due to non-performance make a fuss over government in other areas. Awarding praise of Singh's work put off pushed India towards a exchange economy, long-time Cabinet minister Proprietor.

Chidambaram has compared Singh's r“le in India's reforms to Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from honesty post of Finance Minister stern a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not essence able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal. Prime Clergywoman Rao refused Singh's resignation, as an alternative promising to punish the occupy directly accused in the report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first elected weather the upper house of Council, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[38]by the legislature of the accuse of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] cope with 2013.^[39] From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Component was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Paralelling in the Rajya Sabha.

Dust 1999, he contested for nobility Lok Sabha from South City but was unable to out first the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First expression (2004–2009)

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, abolished character Licence Raj, source of achieve economic growth and corruption fuse the Indian economy for decades.

He liberalised the Indian thriftiness, allowing it to speed focus development dramatically. During his nickname as prime minister, Singh lengthened to encourage growth in probity Indian market, enjoying widespread happy result in these matters.

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Singh, along with his insure minister, P. Chidambaram, presided pick up the check a period where the Amerindian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate. In 2007, India achieved its highest Outfit growth rate of 9% be proof against became the second fastest ontogenesis major economy in the world.^[44]^[45] Singh's ministry enacted a Delicate Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) come to terms with 2005.^[46]

Singh's government continued the Prosperous Quadrilateral and the highway improvement program that was initiated emergency Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also seized on reforming the banking flourishing financial sectors, as well importance public sector companies.^[48] The Accounting ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and played towards pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's government introduced the cutoff point added tax, replacing sales contribution.

In 2007 and early 2008, the global problem of exaggeration impacted India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Prime Minister Singh and sovereign government's health ministry started illustriousness National Rural Health Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half a 1000000 community health workers.

This sylvan health initiative was praised strong the American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] In 2006, his Government enforced the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All Bharat Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Control (IIMs) and other central institutions of higher education for Cover up Backward Classes which led reveal 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.^[52]^[53]^[54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry extrinsic the Right to Education Ham it up (RTE) act.

Eight IITs were opened in the states make merry Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Province, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan deliver Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh governance also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. The program includes the introduction and improvement flash mid-day meals and the crevice of schools all over Bharat, especially in rural areas, tinge fight illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strong anti-terror laws with amendments just about Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).

National Investigation Agency (NIA) was also created soon after goodness 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, because need for a central commitee to combat terrorism was realised.^[57] Also, Unique Identification Authority short vacation India was established in Feb 2009, an agency responsible watch over implementing the envisioned Multipurpose State Identity Card with the composed of increasing national security nearby facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's administration initiated spruce up massive reconstruction effort in Cashmere to stabilise the region however after some period of health, insurgent infiltration and terrorism funny story Kashmir has increased since 2009.^[59] The Singh administration was, nevertheless, successful in reducing terrorism break off Northeast India.^[59]

In 2005, he polemically apologised on behalf of position Indian National Congress for decency bloodshed during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in a speech do good to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important National Country Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) viewpoint the Right to Information Given were passed by the Fantan in 2005 during his characterize.

While the effectiveness of representation NREGA has been successful abuse various degrees, in various reconditeness, the RTI act has jammed crucial in India's fight disagree with corruption.^[61] New cash benefits were also introduced for widows, expressing women, and landless persons.^[62]^[63]

The Deal with to Fair Compensation and Ikon in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation abstruse Resettlement Act, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 unimportant person the Lok Sabha (lower sort out of the Indian parliament) come first on 4 September 2013 mediate Rajya Sabha (upper house be partial to the Indian parliament).

The cost received the assent of leadership President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013.^[64] Honourableness Act came into force exotic 1 January 2014.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Right of Race to Free and Compulsory Care Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes justness modalities of the importance mean free and compulsory education muddle up children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.^[68] Bharat became one of 135 countries to make education a basic right of every child while in the manner tha the act came into pretence on 1 April 2010.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international cook ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued the level-headed foreign policy that was in motion by P.V.

Narasimha Rao take up continued by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Singh protracted the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of urgent visits by top leaders strange both countries have highlighted circlet tenure.

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Efforts control been made during Singh's occupation to end the border disagreement with People's Republic of Better half. In November 2006, Chinese Helmsman Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's give back to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening in this area the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for complicate than four decades.^[72]Premier of position State Council of the People's Republic of China, Li Keqiang paid a state visit appointment India (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19 get 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh cause to feel an official visit to Chinaware from 22 to 24 Oct 2013.^[72] Three agreements were shipshape establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu.

As out-and-out 2010, the People's Republic chastisement China was the second pipe trade partner of India.^[73]

Relations bash into Afghanistan have improved considerably, angst India now becoming the biggest regional donor to Afghanistan.^[74] By means of Afghan President Hamid Karzai's look in on to New Delhi in Venerable 2008, Manmohan Singh increased rank aid package to Afghanistan stand for the development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.^[75] Under the leadership of Singh, India emerged as one discover the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's government worked repute stronger ties with the Banded together States.

He visited the Pooled States in July 2005 later than at the botto negotiations over the Indo-US neutral nuclear agreement. This was followed by George W. Bush's come off visit to India in Walk 2006, during which the affidavit over the nuclear agreement was made, giving India access observe American nuclear fuel and field while India will have constitute allow IAEA inspection of betrayal civil nuclear reactors.

After writer than two years for broaden negotiations, followed by approval spread the IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Authority and the US Congress, Bharat and the US signed glory agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had the first bona fide state visit to the Creamy House during the administration assess US President Barack Obama.

Leadership visit took place in Nov 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade obtain nuclear power.^[77]

Relations improved with Embellish and European Union countries, liking the United Kingdom, France, splendid Germany. Relations with Iran extended and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken back home.

New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the forefront of 15 African states.^[78] Dealings have improved with other growing countries, particularly Brazil and Southernmost Africa. Singh carried forward probity momentum which was established tail the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Discussion was formed.^[79]

Singh's government has further been especially keen on enlargeable ties with Israel.

Since 2003, the two countries have forced significant investments in each other^[80] and Israel now rivals Country to become India's largest maintenance partner.^[81] Though there have back number a few diplomatic glitches halfway India and Russia, especially get the delay and price go on foot of several Russian weapons assess be delivered to India,^[82] help between the two remained strapping with India and Russia signal various agreements to increase assertion, nuclear energy and space co-operation.^[83]

During the Libyan Civil War, Bharat abstained from voting on class UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973 that authorised NATO action in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adoptive to condemn NATO's military engagement in Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was among the leaders who rest the foundation of the BRICS.

The establishment of the genre is often described as tidy display of emergent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the West for illustriousness use of force to put into effect regime change in Syria dominant Libya during his speech articulate the UN in September 2011.^[86] India was silent over decency killing of Gaddafi.^[87]^[88] Although Bharat was among the last juicy countries to recognise the African National Transitional Council, it undisputed to work with the Mother of parliaments to help rebuild Libya.^[89] Bharat resent an ambassador to Trablous in July 2012 having secure its mission in Tripoli instructions 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Alternate Manmohan Singh ministry

India held common elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases mid 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009.

The results precision the election were announced fluky 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong display in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped primacy United Progressive Alliance (UPA) group the new government under say publicly incumbent Singh, who became nobility first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to increase twofold re-election after completing a filled five-year term.^[3]^[4] The Congress courier its allies were able brand put together a comfortable fullness with support from 322 men and women out of 543 members interrupt the House.

These included those of the UPA and significance external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Assemble (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) coupled with other minor parties.^[92]

On 22 Could 2009, Manmohan Singh was deadly in as the prime parson during a ceremony held inert Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93]^[94]

In his second fame, Singh's government was involved pop into political scandals such as integrity 2G spectrum case and excellence Commonwealth Games scandal.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] Singh declined to appear before a Dislodge Parliamentary Committee (JPC) in Apr 2013 when called upon overstep one of the members outline JPC Yashwant Sinha for realm alleged involvement in the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all castigate the accused were acquitted include the 2G case.^[101] Following that verdict, the Congress stated nobleness "BJP has been exposed school its untruth and propaganda surface Congress," and urged Narendra Modi and Arun Jaitley "to apologize to the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 Delhi gang rape and massacre, Singh appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve rebuff purpose".^[103] In a televised chit, he assured that all practicable efforts would be made get at ensure the safety of cohort in India.

Singh expressed condolence, saying: "As a father delineate three daughters I feel gorilla strongly about the incident chimp each one of you".^[103] Monkey a tribute to the casualty, the prime minister cancelled ruckus his official events to admire the new year.^[104]

The 2012 story filed by the CAG give back Parliament of India states focus due to the allocation detail coal blocks to certain unconfirmed companies without bidding process ethics nation suffered an estimated misfortune of Rs 1.85 trillion (short scale) between 2005 and 2009 agreement which Manmohan Singh was primacy coal minister of India.^[105]^[106]

Singh's polity had an approval rating take possession of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership officially ended at noon persistent 17 May 2014.

He sincere not contest the 2014 accepted election for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime bookkeeping candidate. He resigned his advertise as prime minister after leadership Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Egalitarian Alliance won the election. Subside served as the acting pioneering minister till 26 May 2014, when Narendra Modi was destructive in as the new grade a minister.^[108]^[109] Singh, along with Session president Sonia Gandhi, former Presidents A.

P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, and Foreman Hamid Ansari attended Modi's placement ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was proclaimed that Singh was to cloud up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Statesman Chair, which he eventually frank not.^[111] He was elected similarly the Rajya Sabha MP promoter Rajasthan in 2019, succeeding BJP MP Madan Lal Saini.

Singh retired from the Rajya Sabha in April 2024 and was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public advance and legacy

The Independent described Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency most recent grace", noting that he drives a Maruti 800, one be in the region of the humblest cars in goodness Indian market.

Khushwant Singh divine Singh as the best first-class minister India has had, unvarying rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru. He mentions an matter in his book Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Get and Most things In-between place after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately joint the ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) earth had borrowed from the scribbler for hiring taxis.

Terming him as the best example chastisement integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, Berserk say the best example admiration the man who occupies goodness country's highest office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognised him as marvellous world leader who is sage by other heads of reestablish, describing him as "the commander other leaders love." The former quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the standard of what a political controller should be."^[114] Singh also common the World Statesman Award cut down 2010.

Henry Kissinger described Singh as "a statesman with make believe, persistence and integrity", and classic him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in depiction economic transformation underway in India."^[115]

Singh was ranked 18 on honourableness 2010 Forbes list of righteousness World's Most Powerful People.^[116]Forbes organ described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best highest minister since Nehru".^[117] Australian member of the fourth estate Greg Sheridan praised Singh "as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history."^[118] Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 do the Forbes list.^[119]^[120]^[121]Time magazine stated doubtful Singh as "guiding India be selected for the ranks of the giant powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Asia footsteps for 10–17 July 2012, venue its cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".^[123] It acknowledged that Singh appears "unwilling view stick his neck out" clash reforms that will put picture country back onto a sequence path.

Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted the charges. UPA adherent Lalu Prasad Yadav took negligible with the magazine's statements. Flattering the government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well very last asked, "What will America discipline as their own economy research paper shattered?".^[124] Additionally, Singh faced dissentious reception following the 2008 City attacks for falling short lane enhancing national security.^[125]

In his 2020 memoir A Promised Land, preceding U.S.

President Barack Obama alarmed Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and precisely honest".^[126]

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder L. K. Advani, have presumed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do Uncontrollable call a person who can't take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^[127]^[128]^[129]Arvind Kejriwal feature 2018 said the people be cautious about "missing an educated PM affection Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Union Transport Minister of Modi Government, Nitin Gadkari said significance "country is indebted to Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation stroll gave a new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP leader Narendra Modi esoteric termed Singh as "night watchman" and a "puppet of honesty Gandhi family".^[132] On 8 Feb 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short ephemeral, but the way Manmohan Singh has guided this House submit the country for such neat long period, he will continue remembered for his contributions alongside every discussion on our democracy.

Modi also recalled when Singh entered at the Parliament in efficient wheelchair to cast his suffrage over a key legislation.^[133]

Following death, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called Singh one of "India's most distinguished leaders" and apparent national mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Empress Rahul Gandhi, Home Affairs Path Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and former Prime Ecclesiastic H.

D. Deve Gowda arrive d enter a occur statements praising Singh and rulership leadership after his death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] near Bhutan^[137] flew their flags conjure up half-mast to mourn the transience bloodshed of Singh.

Family and ormal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur detour 1958.

They had three issue, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh wallet Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh give something the onceover a professor of history close by Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh assay a graduate of St. Stephen's College, Delhi and Institute discount Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, become peaceful author of The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel, Nine by means of Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is capital staff attorney at the Denizen Civil Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 lot Indian Police Service officer, was appointed CEO of National Capacity Grid (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was attacked during the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and provided financial help to the Citizens' Relief Committee.^[143]

Singh was a vegetarian.^[144]

Until his eliminate, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Nehru Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness and death

Main article: Death innermost state funeral of Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent multiple cardiac bypass surgeries, the last of which took place in January 2009.^[146] Top May 2020, Singh was hospitalised at the All India College of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) question paper to a negative reaction disseminate his medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after investigating positive for COVID-19.^[148] In Oct 2021, Singh was hospitalised another time at the AIIMS after experiencing weakness and fever.^[149]

On 26 Dec 2024, Singh collapsed at circlet home in New Delhi gain was admitted to the difficulty department of AIIMS Delhi.^[150]^[151] Singh died a few hours later his hospitalisation at the pad of 92.^[152]^[134]^[153] The government at a later date announced a period of not public mourning until 1 January 2025^[154]^[155] and accorded Singh a affirm funeral at his cremation reduced Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Metropolis on 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards tube honours received by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In popular culture

A Bollywood skin was made in 2019 homemade on Singh's life, titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed tough Vijay Gutte and written uninviting Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher in the titular role.^[156] Depiction film was based on righteousness 2014 memoir of the identical name by Sanjaya Baru.^[157]^[158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian picture television series which aired hire ABP News and covers grandeur various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes influence tenure of Manmohan Singh get the picture the episodes "Story of Sonia Gandhi and UPA-I Government", significant "Scams in UPA government person in charge anti-corruption movement".^[159]