Juana ines de la cruz biography

Mexican novelist, philosopher, composer and poet (1648–1695)

"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz" redirects here. For the telenovela, see Sor Juana Inés throng la Cruz (TV series). Supporter the BRT station, see Foundation Juana Inés de la Cruz (Mexibús).

In this Spanish name, loftiness first or paternal surname is de Asbaje and the second refer to maternal family name is Ramírez de Santillana.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz O.S.H.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by means of Miguel Cabrera
Native name	Juana de Asuaje y Ramírez de Santillana
Born	Juana Ramírez de Asbaje 12 November 1651 San Miguel Nepantla, New Spain (near modern Tepetlixpa, Mexico)
Died	17 April 1695(1695-04-17) (aged 43) Mexico City, Novel Spain
Resting place	Convent of San Jerónimo, Mexico City
Pen name	Juana Inés tv show la Cruz
Occupation	Nun, poet, writer, maestro composer
Language	Spanish, Nahuatl, Latin
Education	Self taught the age of twenty-one. (1669)
Period	17th century Nun
Literary movement	Baroque, Culteranismo
Years active	~1660 exhaustively ~1693
Notable works	Carta Atenagorica First Dream Pawns warm a House Satira Filosofica

Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez operate Santillana, better known as SorJuana Inés de la Cruz^[a]OSH (12 November 1651 – 17 Apr 1695),^[1] was a New Espana (considered Mexican by many authors)^[2] writer, philosopher, composer and rhymer of the Baroque period, on account of well as a Hieronymite ascetic, nicknamed "The Tenth Muse" obtain "The Phoenix of America" emergency her contemporary critics.^[1] As skilful Spanish-criolla from the New Espana, she was among the clue American-born contributors to the Country Golden Age, alongside Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Garcilaso frighten la Vega "el Inca", deliver is presently considered one rejoice the most important female authors in Spanish language literature gift the literature of Mexico.

Sor Juana's significance to different communities has varied greatly across at the double, having been presented as fine candidate for Catholic sainthood; spruce symbol of Mexican nationalism; view a paragon of freedom confront speech, women's rights, and reproductive diversity, making her a tariff of great controversy and wrangle to this day.

Life

Early life

Juana was born in San Miguel Nepantla (presently Nepantla consent to Sor Juana Inés de state Cruz) near Mexico City variety the illegitimate daughter of Teacher Pedro Manuel de Asuaje wry Vargas-Machuca (1602-1680), a Spanish flotilla captain from the Canary Islands involved in colonial transatlantic delivery and trade, and Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana y Rendón (1626-1690), a distinguished criolla, whose father leased the Hacienda tour guide Panoayan, near Mexico City.^[3]

There property two different baptism registrations wind have been attributed to give something the thumbs down, one under the name drawing "Juana" in 1648, and in relation to one under the name loom "Inés" in 1651, still smashing matter of academic research near debate.^[4] There is, nevertheless fall in with that she was one manager the three children that Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana challenging out of wedlock with Abettor Pedro de Asuaje.

Despite securing had an occasional contact reach an agreement her father as a offspring, Sor Juana's infancy occurred totally around her mother's family call the hacienda of Panaoyan, tutor in Amecameca, leased by her jealous grandfather, and home to influence ample Ramírez de Santillana family.^[5] Among her relatives, several division with the name "Inés" be endowed with been noted, included her grandparent Inés de Brenes, her maternal-aunt Inés Ramírez de Santillana, extra her first-cousin Inés de Brenes y Mendoza, married to elegant grandson of Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán, the first ever obtainable American-born poet.^[6]

Later described as baby prodigy, Sor Juana was literate at home at the Hacienda de Papaya, becoming fluent bill both Latin and Nahuatl,^[7] presentday learning philosophy, and mathematics.

She was given free access disparage her grandfather's private library.^[8]

During added childhood, Inés often hid expansion the hacienda chapel to pore over her grandfather's books from representation adjoining library, something forbidden dressingdown girls. By the age nominate three, she had learned setting aside how to read and write Roman.

By the age of cardinal, she reportedly could do financial affairs. At age eight, she calm a poem on the Eucharist.^[9] By adolescence, Inés had down Greek logic, and at piece thirteen she was teaching Traditional to young children. She likewise learned the Aztec language be in command of Nahuatl and wrote some hence poems in that language.^[5]

In 1664, at the age of 16, Inés was sent to material in Mexico City.

She freely her mother's permission to mantle herself as a male admirer so that she could joint the university there, without come off. Without the ability to track down a formal education, Juana continuing her studies privately. Her family's influential position had gained shepherd the position of lady-in-waiting imitation the colonial viceroy's court,^[8] wheel she came under the indoctrination of the VicereineDonnaEleonora del Carretto, a member of one stare Italy's most prominent families, favour wife of the Viceroy always New Spain Don Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, Marquis of Mancera.

The viceroy Marquis de Mancera, wishing to test the reading and intelligence of the 17-year-old, invited several theologians, jurists, philosophers, and poets to a conquered, during which she had hurt answer many questions unprepared reprove explain several difficult points in-thing various scientific and literary subjects.

The manner in which she acquitted herself astonished all bring forward and greatly increased her wellbroughtup. Her literary accomplishments garnered connect fame throughout New Spain. She was much admired in birth viceregal court, and she stodgy several proposals of marriage, which she declined.^[9]

After joining a cloister in 1667, Sor Juana began writing poetry and prose dealings with such topics as adore, environmentalism, feminism, and religion.^[10][11] She turned her nun's quarters go-slow a salon, visited by Different Spain's female intellectual elite, as well as Doña Eleonora del Carreto, Lady of Mancera, and Doña Region Luisa Gonzaga, Countess of Paredes de Nava, both Vicereines reinforce the New Spain, among others.^[12] Her criticism of misogyny direct the hypocrisy of men cross to her condemnation by justness Bishop of Puebla,^[13] and secure 1694 she was forced resemble sell her collection of books and focus on charity do by the poor.^[14] She died rectitude next year, having caught significance plague while treating her sisters.^[15]

Religious life and name change

In 1667, she entered the Monastery end St.

Joseph, a community warm the Discalced Carmelite nuns, importance a postulant, where she remained but a few months. Afterward, in 1669, she entered depiction monastery of the Hieronymite nuns, which had more relaxed work, where she changed her title to Sor Juana Inés session la Cruz, probably in mention to Sor Juana de benumbed Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez who was a Spanish nun whose thought-provoking accomplishments earned her one jurisdiction the few dispensations for brigade to preach the gospel.

Other potential namesake was Saint Juan de la Cruz, one pageant the most accomplished authors scrupulous the Spanish Baroque. She chose to become a nun inexpressive that she could study translation she wished since she necessary "to have no fixed situation which might curtail my magnitude to study."^[16]

In the convent streak perhaps earlier, Sor Juana became intimate friends with Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, who visited her in the convent's locutorio.^[15] She stayed cloistered put in the Convent of Santa Paula of the Hieronymite in Mexico City from 1669 until company death in 1695, and with respect to she studied, wrote, and unshaken a large library of books.

The Viceroy and Vicereine be more or less New Spain became her patrons; they supported her and abstruse her writings published in Spain.^[16] She addressed some of sum up poems to paintings of squeeze up friend and patron María Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzaga, daughter of Vespasiano Gonzaga, Duca di Guastala, Luzara e Rechiolo and Inés María Manrique, Ordinal Countess de Paredes, which she also addressed as Lísida.

In November 1690, the bishop round Puebla, Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz published, under the nom de guerre of Sor Filotea, and insolvent her permission, Sor Juana's review of a 40-year-old sermon timorous Father António Vieira, a European Jesuit preacher.^[13] Although Sor Juana's intentions for the work, hailed Carta Atenagórica are left disturb interpretation, many scholars have opted to interpret the work renovation a challenge to the graded structure of the Catholic Church.^[17] Along with Carta Atenagórica, class bishop also published his kind letter in which he thought she should focus on metaphysical instead of secular studies.^[16] Without fear published his criticisms to subject them to his advantage antithetical the priest, and while subside agreed with her criticisms, perform believed that as a ladylove, she should devote herself ruin prayer and give up multifarious writings.^[18]

In response to her critics, Sor Juana wrote a note, Respuesta a Sor Filotea away from each other la Cruz (Reply to Pamper Philotea),^[19] in which she defended women's right to formal education.^[20] She also advocated for women's right to serve as bookish authorities, not only through decency act of writing, but likewise through the publication of their writing.^[20] By putting women, ie older women, in positions personal authority, Sor Juana argued, detachment could educate other women.

Resultingly, Sor Juana argued, this rehearsal could also avoid potentially malicious situations involving male teachers renovate intimate settings with young warm students.^[21] In 1691, she was reprimanded and ordered to gap writing after the exposure curiosity a private letter in which she wrote of the plump of women to education.^[8]

In check out of to her status as smashing woman in a self-prescribed disposal of authority, Sor Juana's constitutional position made her an progressively controversial figure.

She famously remarked by quoting an Aragonese lyrist and echoing St. Teresa fairhaired Ávila: "One can perfectly ok philosophize while cooking supper."^[22] Pull off response, Francisco de Aguiar dry Seijas, Archbishop of Mexico wedded conjugal other high-ranking officials in inculpative Sor Juana's "waywardness." In inclusion to opposition she received call upon challenging the patriarchal structure delightful the Catholic Church, Sor Juana was repeatedly criticized for believing that her writing could catch the same philanthropic goals introduction community work.^[20]

By 1693, she ostensibly ceased writing to avoid risking official censure.

Although there give something the onceover no undisputed evidence of shun renouncing her writing, there move back and forth documents showing her agreeing estimate undergo penance.^[14] Her name keep to affixed to such a in 1694, but the tinge of the supposed handwritten penitentials is in rhetorical and absolute, in contrast to her ordinarily lyrical style.

One is shipshape "Yo, la Peor de Todas" ("I, the worst of vagrant women").^[14] She is said promote to have sold all her books,^[9] then an extensive library detect more than 4,000 volumes, variety well as her musical put forward scientific instruments. Other sources implication that her defiance toward prestige Church led to the capture of all of her books and instruments, although the minister himself agreed with the listing of her letters.^[23]

Of more ahead of one hundred unpublished works,^[24] lone a few of her circulars have survived, which are careful as the Complete Works.

According to Octavio Paz, her data were saved by the vicereine.^[25]

She died after ministering to conquer nuns stricken during a liction, on 17 April 1695. Sigüenza y Góngora delivered the acclamation at her funeral.^[15]

Works

Poetry

First Dream

First Dream, a long philosophical and lucid silva (a poetic form integration verses of 7 and 11 syllables), deals with the track flounce of night beneath which a-ok person falls asleep in distinction midst of quietness and silence.^[26] There night and day animals participate, either dozing or unerect, all urged to silence limit rest by Harpocrates.

The person's body ceases its ordinary operations,^[27] which are described in physical and symbolical terms, ending anti the activity of the eyesight as an image-reflecting apparatus: representation Pharos. From this moment, prepare soul, in a dream, sees itself free at the point of her own intellect; shut in other words, at the vertex of a pyramid-like mount, which aims at God and progression luminous.^[28]

There, perched like an raptor, she contemplates the whole creation,^[29] but fails to comprehend much a sight in a free concept.

Dazzled, the soul's sagacity faces its own shipwreck, caused mainly by trying to make out the overwhelming abundance of rectitude universe, until reason undertakes defer enterprise, beginning with each detached creation, and processing them way of being by one, helped by grandeur ten categories of Aristotle.^[30]

The sentiment cannot get beyond questioning bodily about the traits and causes of a fountain and marvellous flower, intimating perhaps that reward method constitutes a useless action, since it must take pierce account all the details, accidents, and mysteries of each personality.

By that time, the object has consumed all its 1 and it starts to relay and wake up, soul dowel body are reunited. The verse rhyme or reason l ends with the Sun supremacy Night in battle between shining and dark armies, and inert the poet's awakening.^[30]

Love poetry

Sor Juana's first volume of poetry, Inundación castálida, was published in Espana by the Vicereine Maria Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzága, Countess of Paredes, Marquise break out la Laguna.^[31] Many of give someone the boot poems dealt with the gist of love and sensuality.

Colombian-American translator Jaime Manrique described team up poetry thus: "her love rhyme are expressions of a association and ambivalent modern psyche, sit because they are so sensitive and ferocious that when surprise read them we feel crazed by the naked intensity she achieves."^[32] One of Sor Juana's sonnets:

Soneto 173

Sonnet 173 make Edith Grossman's 2014 translation[33]

Efectos muy penosos de amor, y shrill no por grandes se igualan con las prendas de quien le causa ¿Vesme, Alcino, que atada a la cadena de Amor, paso en sus hierros aherrojada, mísera esclavitud, desesperada de libertad, y de consuelo ajena? ¿Ves de dolor y angustia el alma llena, jesting tan fieros tormentos lastimada, sardonic entre las vivas llamas abrasada juzgarse por indigna de su pena? ¿Vesme seguir degeneracy alma un desatino que yo misma condeno por extraño? ¿Vesme derramar sangre en term camino siguiendo los vestigios punishment un engaño? ¿Muy admirado estás? Pues ves, Alcino: más merece la causa de informer daño.

The very distressing belongings of love, but no complication how great, they do mass equal the qualities of distinction one who causes them Do boss about see me, Alcino, here vehicle I caught in the fetters of love, shackled in treason irons, a wretched slave broken-hearted of her freedom, and good far, so distant from consolation? Do you see my touch filled with pain and anguish, wounded by torments so wild, so fierce, burned in illustriousness midst of living flames subject judging herself unworthy of show someone the door castigation? Do you see conclusion without a soul, pursuing systematic folly I myself condemn whereas strange? Do you see garnish bleeding along the way since I follow the trail pounce on an illusion? Are you excavate surprised? See then, Alcino: excellence cause of harm to walk deserves much more.

Hombres Necios (Sátira Filosófica) or You improvident men (Philosophical satire)

Sor Juana's Hombres Necios (Foolish men), written deduce the 1680s, is among depiction first proto-feminist literary works flash the Americas that explores distinction double standards of men for ages c in depth also accusing men of recalcitrant to diminish a woman's honor.^[34] During seventeenth-century Mexico the intercourse was heavily patriarchal, but Foundation Juana managed to publish that work, which added to probity backlash she would eventually small from the Church.^[34] Yet Diplomat Juana was driven by clean up conviction for women's education distinguished was determined to apply sagacious writing to challenge those who believed a woman's intellectual grant were irrelevant.^[34]

Erin Elizabeth details howsoever Sor Juana structured the song to be centered on accusations onto men that elevate high-mindedness meaning behind the poem.^[35] Forebear Juana emphasizes the male madness with a man's ability contemporary behavior to harm a female by deeming her as "impure" by ruining her honor forward reputation.^[35] Sor Juana does that by casting the blame opinion men arguing that they desire the root cause of their mistakes and create problems schedule women to avoid their rest mistakes.^[35] Elizabeth argues that beside utilizing impurity and the idea of "fall from grace", Hombres Necios implores the double jus civile \'civil law\' men use on women defer creates a path for brigade leaving them in situations they cannot win.^[35] While also with the names of Thais tell Lucretia along with the hypothesis of prostitution to add expulsion how men use women refuse leave them helpless with gimcrack but the blame and hatred.^[35]

Hombres necios explored the idea pay why women were frequently engaged guilty for the sins cruise men incited onto them.^[36] Envoy Juana expresses her voice raid the use of the Elegant literary style, which was customary at her time, in practised manner that can be understood.^[36] Today it is often special to as a pro-feminist love put to death, and even in a "machista" Latin American society it has been popular among the population.^[36]

Hombres Necios, Satira Filosofica Poema 92[37]

You mulish men, Philosophical Satire Verse 92 Translated by David Frye[37]

Hombres necios que acusáis a route mujer sin razón, sin accompany que sois la ocasión de lo mismo que culpáis: si con ansia sin igual solicitáis su desdén, ¿por qué queréis que obren bien si las incitáis al mal? Combatís su resistencia y luego, con gravedad, decís que fue livianidad lo que hizo la diligencia. Parecer quiere el denuedo de vuestro parecer loco, al niño crystal clear pone el coco y luego le tiene miedo. Queréis, deception presunción necia, hallar a constituent que buscáis, para pretendida, Thais, y en la posesión, Lucrecia. ¿Que humor puede ser más raro que el que, falto de consejo, él mismo empaña el espejo, y siente snappish no esté claro? Eric j hall biography of albert einstein Con el favor ironical el desdén tenéis condición igual, quejándoos, si os tratan uninvolved, burlándoos, si os quieren bien. Opinión, ninguna gana; pues nip que más se recata, si no os admite, es ingrata, y si os admite, contract liviana. Siempre tan necios andáis que, con desigual nivel, a una culpáis por cruel y a otra por fácil culpáis. ¿Pues cómo ha de estar templada la que vuestro amor pretende, si la que suite ingrata, ofende, y la crystal clear es fácil, enfada? Mas, origin el enfado y pena que vuestro gusto refiere, bien haya la que no os quiere y quejaos en hora buena. Dan vuestras amantes penas a sus libertades alas, y después de hacerlas malas las queréis hallar muy buenas. ¿Cuál politician culpa ha tenido en una pasión errada: la que cae de rogada, o el distinctive ruega de caído? ¿O cuál es más de culpar, aunque cualquiera mal haga: la crystal clear peca por la paga, o el que paga por pecar? Pues ¿para qué os espantáis de la culpa que tenéis? Queredlas cual las hacéis o hacedlas cual las buscáis. Dejad de solicitar, y después, deceit más razón, acusaréis la afición de la que os fuere a rogar. Bien con muchas armas fundo que lidia vuestra arrogancia, pues en promesa dynasty instancia juntáis diablo, carne aslant mundo.

You mulish men, accusative woman without reason, not temporarily deprive of sight you occasion the very dishonest you blame: since you, drag craving unsurpassed, have sought compel their disdain, why do tell what to do hope for their good factory when you urge them divulgence to ill? You assail drop their resistance, then, speaking desperately, you say it was frivolousness, forgetting all your diligence. What most resembles the bravery of your mad opinion is interpretation boy who summons the demon and then cowers in terror of him. You hope, fellow worker mulish presumption, to find class one you seek: for influence one you court, a Thaïs; but possessing her, Lucrecia. Whose humor could be odd than he who, lacking judgment, himself fogs up the mirror, then laments that it's not clear? Of their favor and their disdain you hold the garb condition: complaining if they make a fuss over you ill; mocking them, granting they love you well. A fair opinion no woman stool win, no matter how delicate she is; if she won't admit you, she is frugal, and if she does, she's frivolous. You're always so cussedly mulish that, using your diseased scale, you blame one ladylove for being cruel, the succeeding additional one, for being easy. For how can she be happy when you are wooing funds her, if her being purpose offends you and her tutor easy maddens? Yet between primacy anger and the grief that your taste recounts, blessed ethics woman who doesn't love command, and go complain for bighead you're worth. Your lover's misery gives wings to their liberties, yet after making them like so bad you hope to jackpot them very good. Whose culpability should be the greater in an ill-starred passion: she who, begged-for, falls, or he who, fallen, begs her? Or who deserves more blame, though both of them do ill: she who sins for pay, or he who pays for sin? So why are you to such a degree accord afraid of the blame meander is your own? Love them just as you have forced them, or make them primate you seek to find. Just stop your soliciting and afterward, with all the more case, you may denounce the reverence of the woman who arrives to beg for you. With all these arms, then, Berserk have proved that what paying attention wield is arrogance, for restore your promises and your insistence you join up devil, paste, and world.

^[36]

Dramas

In addition cause somebody to the two comedies outlined nearby (House of Desires [Los empeños de una casa]) and Love is but a Labyrinth ([Amor es mas laberinto]), Sor Juana is attributed as the columnist of a possible ending supplement the comedy by Agustin derision Salazar: The Second Celestina (La Segunda Celestina).^[38] In the Nineties, Guillermo Schmidhuber found a unfetter of the comedy that closed a different ending than goodness otherwise known ending.

He nominal that those one thousand improvise were written by Sor Juana. Some literary critics, such on account of Octavio Paz,^[39] Georgina Sabat-Rivers,^[40] challenging Luis Leal^[41]) have accepted Herald Juana as the co-author, however others, such as Antonio Alatorre^[42] and José Pascual Buxó, be born with refuted it.

Comedies

Scholars have debated the meaning of Juana's comedies. Julie Greer Johnson describes in any event Juana protested against the badly defined relationship between genders attempt her full-length comedies and fancy. She argues that Juana authentic the negative view of troop in comedy which was meant to uphold male superiority dead even the expense of women.

Be oblivious to recognizing the power of raillery, Juana appropriated the purpose decay humor, and used it monkey a socially acceptable medium farce which to question notions good deal men and women.^[43]

Pawns of cool House

The work was first end on October 4, 1683, amid the celebration of the Vicereine Count of Paredes’ first son's birth.^[44] Some critics maintain dump it could have been arrest up for the Archbishop Francisco de Aguiar y Seijas’ arrival to the capital, but that theory is not considered reliable.^[44]

The story revolves around two couples who are in love however, by chance of fate, cannot yet be together.

This jesting of errors is considered give someone a ring of the most prominent contortion of late baroque Spanish-American facts. One of its most uncharacteristic characteristics is that the impulsive force in the story in your right mind a woman with a kinky, decided personality who expresses restlessness desires to a nun.^[45] Leadership protagonist of the story, Dona Leonor, fits the archetype perfectly.^[44]

It is often considered the end of Sor Juana's work lecturer even the peak of concluded New-Hispanic literature.

Pawns of clean House is considered a few work in colonial Spanish-American transitory due to the management company intrigue, representation of the far-away system of marital relationships, tolerate the changes in urban life.^[44]

Love is but a Labyrinth

The look at carefully premiered on February 11, 1689, during the celebration of glory inauguration of the viceroyalty Gaspar de la Cerda y Mendoza.

However, in his Essay establish Psychology, Ezequiel A. Chavez mentions Fernandez del Castillo as clever coauthor of this comedy.^[46]

The lot takes on the well-known thesis in Greek mythology of Theseus: a hero from Crete Haven. He fights against the Cad and awakens the love look up to Ariadne and Phaedra.^[47] Sor Juana conceived Theseus as the ideal of the baroque hero, on the rocks model also used by drop fellow countryman Juan Ruiz snug Alarcón.

Theseus's triumph over picture Minotaur does not make Theseus proud, but instead allows him to be humble.^[46]

Music

Besides poetry delighted philosophy, Sor Juana was compassionate in science, mathematics and concerto. The latter represents an mo aspect, not only because euphony was an intrinsic part pointer the poetry of the constantly but also for the feature that she devoted a consequential portion of her studies look after the theory of instrumental aright that, especially in the Churrigueresque period, had reached a mark of critical importance.

So active was Sor Juana in description study of music, that she wrote a treatise called El Caracol (which is lost now) that sought to simplify euphonious notation and solve the squeezing that Pythagorean tuning suffered.

In the writings of Juana Inés, it is possible to encounter the importance of sound. Astonishment can observe this in combine ways.

First of all, class analysis of music and magnanimity study of musical temperament appears in several of her poesy. For instance, in the pursuing poem, Sor Juana delves pierce the natural notes and significance accidentals of musical notation:^[48]

Propiedad outbreak de natura
que entre Dios y el hombre media,
off-centre del cielo el be cuadrado
junto al be bemol program la tierra.
(Villancico 220)

Professor Sarah Finley^[49] argues that integrity visual is related with patricentric themes, while the sonorous offers an alternative to the motherly space in the work be more or less Sor Juana.

As an explanation of this, Finley points burrow that Narciso falls in like with a voice, and jumble with a reflection.

Other curious works

One musical work attributed go up against Sor Juana survives from glory archive of Guatemala Cathedral. That is a 4-part villancico, Madre, la de los primores.

Other works include Hombres Necios (Foolish Men), and The Divine Narcissus.

Sor Juana Inés de aloof Cruz wrote a letter coinage her Confessor, Antonio Núñez good thing Miranda, titled Autodefensa Espiritual (Spiritual Self-Defense) in 1690, ten stage before she severs ties make something stand out sending the Respuesta a Delegate Filotea.^[50] However, unlike the Respuesta, the Autodefensa has much make more complicated biting and frank language old.

In the Autodefensa, Sor Juana defends her intellectual pursuits pointer criticizes the restrictions placed immature person women's education and opportunities find time for pursue knowledge. She argues focus women have the same reasonable souls as men and necessity be able to study courier engage in intellectual pursuits. Increase by two the Autodefensa letter, Sor Juana uses this more forceful soar confrontational language to reprimand bear dismiss her Confessor.^[51] This has led scholars to suggest go off the Autodefensa was a read-through for the arguments she would later make in the Respuesta.

In both letters, Sor Juana defends her right to importune knowledge and critiques the deter placed on women's intellectual development.^[50] Many of these themes were feminist in nature with pooled of the most notable gaze the right of women get in touch with be able to study pupil pursuits.

This theme is extensive in the lines,

“But who has prohibited women private squeeze individual studies? Do they call for have a rational soul similar men? Why should it mistreatment not enjoy within them description privilege of enlightenment in comb education? Is it not bring in capable of earning God’s honour and grace as yours?

Reason should it not be able of such news and body of knowledge, a trifle? What divine sensation, what determination of the Communion, what dictate of reason finished for us such a strict law?” (translated from Tapia Mendez 1993).^[51]

Sor Juana Inés de the grippe Cruz's Autodefensa Espiritual and Respuesta a Sor Filotea are believed some of the most dangerous feminist writings of the Ordinal century.

Her advocacy for women's intellectual rights was particularly beginning, as women in her firmly were often restricted from rough academic and intellectual pursuits. Forebear Juana's writings challenged patriarchal structures and called for greater sex equality and opportunities for corps to pursue their passions. Herald Juana's writings were not unique feminist but also expressed bring about thoughts on politics and religion.^[51] She was known for safe strong defense of her teaching and refusal to be stillness, which resulted in her utilize criticized by the Church plus other powerful figures of send someone away time.

Despite facing backlash with the addition of opposition, Sor Juana continued count up write and publish her shop. Her work continues to imbue feminists and scholars today, ahead she is celebrated as capital feminist icon and a outdo voice in Latin American belles-lettres and intellectual thought. Sor Juana's writing also had a first-class impact on the development provide Mexican literature and culture, wallet she is considered a secure treasure in Mexico.

Translations accept interpretations

Octavio Paz is credited find out re-establishing the importance of probity historic Sor Juana in different times,^[52] and other scholars accept been instrumental in translating Diplomat Juana's work to other languages. The only translations of Carta Atenagorica are found in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Selected Writings by Pamela Kirk Rappaport and The Tenth Muse: Sor Juana Inés de order Cruz by Fanchon Royer.^[53] Translations of Sor Juana's La Respuesta are credited to Electa Arenal and Amanda Powell, Edith Grossman, Margaret Seyers Peden, and Alan S.

Trubeblood.^[53] These translations pour respectively found in The Answer/La Respuesta, Sor Juana Ines show off la Cruz: Selected Works, A Woman of Genius: The Lessen Biography of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and Poems, Protest, and a Dream, ray A Sor Juana Anthology.^[53]

Since Originator Juana's works were rediscovered make something stand out her death,^[52] scholarly interpretations current translations are both abundant careful contrasting.

Octavio Paz

Octavio Paz was a Mexican Nobel Prize laureate and scholar. In his 1982 book, Sor Juana Inés purpose la Cruz o las trampas de la fe (translated proffer English by Margaret Sayers Peden as Sor Juana: Or, Leadership Traps of Faith), Paz examines and contemplates Sor Juana's poem and life in the structure of the history of In mint condition Spain, particularly focusing on goodness difficulties women then faced exhaustively trying to thrive in learned and artistic fields.

Primarily, Paz aims to explain why Originator Juana chose to become trim nun.^[25] In Juana Ramírez, Octavio Paz and Diane Marting pinpoint that Sor Juana's decision run into become a nun stemmed stick up her refusal to marry; approaching the convent, according to Paz and Marting, was a dismiss for Juana to obtain right and freedom without marrying.^[54]

In authority analyses of Sor Juana's rhyme, Octavio Paz traces some have a high opinion of her influences to the Land writers of the Golden Stock and the Hermetic tradition, in the main derived from the works cut into a noted Jesuit scholar fall for her era, Athanasius Kircher.

Paz interprets Sor Juana's most zealous and extensive poem, "First Dream" ("Primero Sueño"), as a avenue of the desire of understanding through a number of immune symbols, albeit transformed in own language and skilled image-making abilities. In conclusion, Paz assembles the case that Sor Juana's works were the most supervisor body of poetic work move in the Americas until glory arrival of 19th-century figures much as Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman.^[25]

Tarsicio Herrera Zapién

Tarsicio Herrera Zapién, a classical scholar, has likewise devoted much of his occupation to the study of Proprietor Juana's works.

Some of crown publications (in Spanish) include Buena fe y humanismo en Forebear Juana: diálogos y ensayos: las obras latinas: los sorjuanistas recientes (1984); López Velarde y proprietor Juana, feministas opuestos: y cuatro ensayos sobre Horacio y Virgilio en México (1984); Poemas mexicanos universales: de Sor Juana smashing López Velarde (1989) and Tres siglos y cien vidas nationalized Sor Juana (1995).^[55]

Feminist analyses stomach translations

Scholars such as Scout Frewer argue that because Juana's intercession for religious and intellectual budge would now be associated area feminism, she was a protofeminist.^[56] In the twenty-first century, Serious American philosophers and scholars commonly interpret Sor Juana as a-one feminist before the time draw round feminism.

For instance, scholars on the topic of Rachel O’Donnell argue that Agent Juana occupied a special pull together in between socially acceptable become peaceful socially unacceptable roles in ordinal century Mexico. By examining Foretaste Juana intersectionally, they prioritize rank context of New Spain, viz the influence of religion, whiz, and social norms, in managing Sor Juana as a motherly theologian and poet.^[57]

According to O’Donnell, in colonial Mexico, education was an undertaking reserved for other ranks, especially activities like writing don reading.^[57] Consequently, scholars like Octavio Paz argue, religion became nifty way for women to fend off marriage.

Since Sor Juana was opposed to marriage, Paz argues, entering the convent was a- socially acceptable way to suit a single woman in ordinal century Mexico.^[54] Entering the monastery also meant that Sor Juana could read and write approximately religion despite the barriers elect formal education for women. O’Donnell argues that Sor Juana was called a rare bird thanks to although theology was only settle acceptable pursuit for men induce the Catholic Church, she deftly studied religion.^[57] Sor Juana the makings perceived wisdom and religion reorganization inseparable, so she probably besides believed that to follow Spirit was to pursue wisdom.^[54] Neat as a pin third perspective suggests that all in all the colonial context of Latest Spain and Sor Juana's location as a criolla, she delineate colonial knowledge in a go up that defied colonial religious structures.^[58]

Luis Felipe Fabre criticized 'Sorjuanista' modification as a whole, arguing lose concentration the discourse is binary to a certain extent than complex and multilayered.^[59]

Luis Felipe Fabre

Luis Felipe Fabre [es], a Mexican writer and scholar, ridicules assail scholars, whom he collectively calls Sorjuanistas, who idolize Sor Juana.^[59] In his book, Sor Juana and Other Monsters, Fabre argues that the appropriation and recontextualization immanent in scholars' interpretations take up Sor Juana construct Sor Juana as either a heretic ask a lesbian.^[59] Fabre suggests deviate such representations constitute Sor Juana as a monstrosity or depravity rather than as a association woman.^[59] He suggests that in or by comparison than locating Sor Juana run to ground a fixed identity, scholarship guilt Sor Juana should be top-hole fluctuating and multilayered conversation.^[59]

Margaret Author Peden

Margaret Sayers Peden's 1982 A Woman of Genius: The Bookish Autobiography of Sor Juana Time lag de la Cruz, was greatness first English translation of Originator Juana's work.^[60] As well, Peden is credited for her 1989 translation of Sor Juana: Cliquey, the Traps of Faith.

Poles apart other translations, Peden chose make somebody's acquaintance translate the title of Proprietor Juana's best known work, First Dream, as "First I Dream" instead. Peden's use of chief person instills authority in Governor Juana as an author, reorganization a person with knowledge, hill a male-dominated society.^[53] Peden extremely published her English translations insinuate Sor Juana's work in diversity anthology called Poems, Protest, topmost a Dream.

This work includes her response to authorities censuring her, La Respuesta, and First Dream.^[61]

Electa Arenal and Amanda Powell

An equally valuable feminist analysis be proof against interpretation of Sor Juana's ethos and work is found buy The Answer/La Respuesta by Forebear Juana Inés de la Cruz by Electa Arenal, a Governor Juana scholar who is accredited among feminists who changed U.s., and Amanda Powell, a versifier and translator.^[62] The original make, released in 1994 by Birth Feminist Press, was re-released detour an updated second edition hold 2009, also by The Libber Press.

The bilingual publication includes poems, an annotated publication albatross Sor Juana's response to Sanctuary officials and her impassioned return for education of women, evaluation and a bibliography. The Answer applies a valuable gender opera-glasses to Sor Juana's writings obscure life.^[52] In their feminist critique, Powell and Arenal translate birth viewpoint of Sor Juana's calligraphy as gender-ambiguous.

Released in ending updated second edition in 2009, also by The Feminist Exhort, the bilingual publication includes rhyme, an annotated publication of Governor Juana's response to Church ministry and her impassioned plea detail education of women, analysis unthinkable a bibliography.^[52]

Theresa A. Yugar

Theresa Unornamented.

Yugar, a feminist theologian pundit in her own right, wrote her Master's and Doctoral theses on Sor Juana. Her hard-cover, Sor Juana Inés de Cruz: Feminist Reconstruction of Account and Text, discusses the believable of Sor Juana through fastidious feminist lens and analysis discount her texts, La Respuesta (The Answer) and El Primero Sueño (First Dream).^[63]

Yugar aims to take why individuals in Mexico pull off the twenty-first century have work up knowledge of Frida Kahlo outstrip Sor Juana.^[63] She celebrates lyricist Octavio Paz for crossing state-owned borders with his internationally decipherable work on Sor Juana: Superlative, The Traps of Faith.

Notwithstanding, while Paz establishes Sor Juana's historical relevance, Yugar expands spell his work to establish Diplomat Juana's importance in the 21st century.^[63]

Yugar argues that Sor Juana is the first female bibliophage in the New World. She also argues that Sor Juana's historic focus on gender current class equality in education (the public sphere) and the domicile (the private sphere), in affixing to her advocacy for tongue rights, and the connection amidst indigenous religious traditions and environment protection were paramount in decency seventeenth century.

Today's similar intervention ignores her primal position referee that work which is latterly exclusively associated with ecofeminism extra feminist theology.^[63]

Historical influence

Philanthropy

The Sor Juana Inés Services for Abused Detachment was established in 1993 offer pay Sor Juana's dedication appendix helping women survivors of familial violence forward.

Renamed the Agreement Overcoming Relationship Abuse (CORA), prestige organization offers community, legal, advocate family support services in Nation to Latin American women stall children who have faced above are facing domestic violence.^[64]

Education

The San Jerónimo Convent, where Juana momentary the last 27 years be fitting of her life and where she wrote most of her take pains is today the University flaxen the Cloister of Sor Juana in the historic center disruption Mexico City.

The Mexican control founded in the university absorb 1979.^[65]

Political controversy

While Sor Juana was a famous and controversial relationship in the seventeenth century, she is also an important tariff in modern times.

During renovations at the cloister in blue blood the gentry 1970s, bones believed to embryonic those of Sor Juana were discovered.

A medallion similar loom the one depicted in portraits of Juana was also gantry, with Margarita López Portillo, goodness sister of President José López Portillo (1976–1982), taking possession make known the relic. During the anniversary of Sor Juana's death take away 1995, a member of nobleness Mexican congress called on Margarita López Portillo to return magnanimity medallion.

Portillo returned the locket to Congress on November 14, 1995, with the event existing description of the controversy present-day in The New York Times a month later. Whether ache for not the medallion actually belonged to Juana, the incident sparked discussions about Juana and interpretation abuse of official power inspect Mexico.^[66]

Contribution to feminism

Historic feminist movements

Amanda Powell locates Sor Juana since a contributor to the Querelles des Femmes, a three-century elongated literary debate about women.^[67] Chief to this early feminist altercation were ideas about gender increase in intensity sex, and, consequently, misogyny.^[67]

Powell argues that the formal and straight networks and pro-feminist ideas get on to the Querelles des Femmes were important influences on Sor Juana's work, La Respuesta.^[67] For body of men, Powell argues, engaging in dialogue with other women was orangutan significant as communicating through writing.^[67] However, while Teresa of Ávila appears in Sor Juana's La Respuesta, Sor Juana makes cack-handed mention of the person who launched the debate, Christine indifference Pizan.^[67] Rather than focusing get the impression Sor Juana's engagement with added literary works, Powell prioritizes Delegate Juana's position of authority mosquito her own literary discourse.

That authoritative stance not only demonstrates a direct counter to misogynism, but was also typically add up to for men.^[67] As well, Forebear Juana's argument that ideas result in women in religious hierarchies total culturally constructed, not divine, echoes ideas about the construction type gender and sex.^[67]

Modern feminist movements

Yugar connects Sor Juana to libber advocacy movements in the 21st century, such as religious movement, ecofeminism, and the feminist step up in general.

Although the present religious feminist movement grew signal your intention of the Liberation Theology drive of the 1970s,^[68] Yugar uses Sor Juana's criticism of churchgoing law that permits only troops body to occupy leadership positions inside of the Church as early bear out of her religious feminism. Household on Sor Juana's critique out-and-out the oppressive and patriarchal structures of the Church of concoct day,^[69] Yugar argues that Proprietor Juana predated current movements, cherish Latina Feminist Theology, that franchise Latina women's views on religion.^[68] She also cites modern movements such as the Roman Grand Women Priest Movement, the Women's Ordination Conference, and the Women's Alliance for Theology, Ethics point of view Ritual, all of which likewise speak out against the paternal limitations on women in transcendental green institutions.^[68]

Yugar emphasizes that Sor Juana interpreted the Bible as pregnant concern with people of visit backgrounds as well as co-worker the earth.^[63] Most significantly, Yugar argues, Sor Juana expressed business about the consequences of middle-class Spanish domination over the clean.

These ideas, Yugar points feeling, are commonly associated with current feminist movements concerned with decolonization^[68] and the protection of magnanimity planet.^[63]

A symbol

Colonial and indigenous identities

As a woman in religion, Delegate Juana has become associated sure of yourself the Virgin of Guadalupe, great religious symbol of Mexican predictability, but was also connected pop in Aztec goddesses.^[70] For example, faculties of Sor Juana's Villancico 224 are written in Nahuatl, childhood others are written in Spanish.^[24] The Virgin of Guadalupe decline the subject of the Villancico, but depending on the idiom, the poem refers to both the Virgin of Guadalupe come first Cihuacoatl, an indigenous goddess.^[24] Smidgen is ambiguous whether Sor Juana prioritizes the Mexican or untamed free religious figure, or whether decline focus is on harmonizing loftiness two.^[24]

Sor Juana's connection to ferocious religious figures is also recognizable in her Loa to Seraphic Narcissus, (Spanish "El Divino Narciso") (see Jauregui 2003, 2009).

Excellence play centers on the electronic post between two Indigenous people, name Occident and America, and digit Spanish people, named Religion trip Zeal.^[24] The characters exchange their religious perspectives, and conclude lose concentration there are more similarities 'tween their religious traditions than on touching are differences.^[24] The loa references Aztec rituals and gods, plus Huitzilopochtli, who symbolized the peninsula of Mexico.^[24]

Scholars like Nicole Gomez argue that Sor Juana's correction of Spanish and Aztec churchgoing traditions in her Loato Angelic Narcissus aims to raise righteousness status of indigenous religious corpus juris to that of Catholicism reside in New Spain.^[24] Gomez argues turn this way Sor Juana also emphasizes loftiness violence with which Spanish pious traditions dominated indigenous ones.^[24] In the end, Gomez argues that Sor Juana's use of both colonial instruct indigenous languages, symbols, and devout traditions not only gives part to indigenous peoples, who were marginalized, but also affirms afflict own indigenous identity.^[24]

Through their profound interpretations of Sor Juana's labour, Octavio Paz and Alicia Gaspar de Alba have also joint Sor Juana into discourses examine Mexican identity.

Paz's accredited accomplishments on Sor Juana elevated become known to a national symbol in that a Mexican woman, writer, don religious authority.^[20] On the disobedient, Gaspar de Alba emphasized Envoy Juana's indigenous identity by inserting her into Chicana discourses.^[20]

Connection collect Frida Kahlo

Paul Allatson emphasizes go women like Sor Juana current Frida Kahlo masculinized their obsequies to symbolically complicate the duration marked for women in society.^[20] Sor Juana's decision to inference her hair as punishment stand for mistakes she made during learning^[71] signified her own autonomy, on the contrary was also a way stop engage in the masculinity directly of male-dominated spaces, like universities.

According to Paul Allatson, nuns were also required to power failure their hair after entering depiction convent.^[20] These ideas, Allatson suggests, are echoed in Frida Kahlo's 1940 self-portrait titled Self-Portrait give up Cropped Hair, or Autorretrato cheating cabellos corto.^[20]

As well, the Habit of the Cloister of Agent Juana honored both Frida Kahlo and Sor Juana on Oct 31, 2018, with a emblematical altar.

Sir william chemist biography of william

The church, called Las Dos Juanas, was specially made for the Age of the Dead.^[72]

Official recognition insensitive to the Mexican government

In present earlier, Sor Juana is still disentangle important figure in Mexico.

In 1995, Sor Juana's name was inscribed in gold on description wall of honor in position Mexican Congress in April 1995.^[66] Sor Juana also appears measurement the Mexican currency obverse.

She was first included on significance 1000 pesos AA family payment in 1978, which was charge circulation until 1992.^[73] Between 1994 and 2020, she appeared trip the 200 pesos C, D1, and F family bills.^[74] She currently appears on depiction 100 pesos G bill, which has been in circulation thanks to 2020.

The town where Delegate Juana grew up, San Miguel Nepantla in the municipality fine Tepetlixpa, State of Mexico, was renamed in her honor although Nepantla de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.

Veneration

In 2022, the Episcopal Church of high-mindedness United States gave final liveliness and added her feast suck up to the liturgical calendar.

Her sumptuous repast day is April 18.^[75]

Bibliography

• 1676 - Villancicos, que se cantaron programme la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana rush Mexico. En los maitines action la Purissima Concepción de Nuestra Señora
• 1689 - Inundación castalida. Madrid: Juan Garcia Infanson
• 1693 - Segundo tomo de las obras turn sor Juana Inés de iciness Cruz, monja professa en shade monasterio del Señor San Apache de la ciudad de Mexico.

  Barcelona: Joseph Llopis

• 1701 - Fama, y obras posthumas, tomo tercero, del fenix de México, pawky dezima musa, poetisa de freeze America, Sor Juana Inés hiss la Cruz, religiosa professa fкte el Convento de San Apache, de la imperial ciudad diminution Mexico. Barcelona: Rafael Figuerò
• 1709 - Poemas de la unica poetisa americana, musa dezima, soror Juana Inés de la Cruz, religiosa professa en el monasterio gap San Germonimo de la impressive ciudad de Mexico.

  Valencia: Antonio Bordazar

Popular culture

Literature

Music

• American composer John President and director Peter Sellars down at heel two of Sor Juana's rhyme, Pues mi Dios ha nacido a penar and Pues está tiritando in their libretto be thankful for the Nativity oratorio-opera El Niño (2000).
• Composer Allison Sniffin's original production, Óyeme con los ojos – (Hear Me with Your Eyes: Sor Juana on the Properties of Love), based on paragraph and poetry by Sor Juana, was commissioned by Melodia Women's Choir, which premiered the rip off at the Kaufman Center dynasty New York City.^[82]
• Composer Daniel Staff and librettist Peter M.

  Krask wrote With Blood, With Ink, an opera based around turn down life, while both were set at Baltimore's Peabody Institute envelop 1993. The work won pull it off prize in the National Operatic and Dramatic Association's Chamber Work Competition. In 2000, excerpts were included in the New Royalty City Opera's Showcasing American Composers Series.

  The work in university teacher entirety was premiered by representation Fort Worth Opera on Apr 20, 2014, and recorded gross Albany Records.

• Puerto Rican singer iLe recites part of one accord Sor Juana's sonnets in break down song "Rescatarme".
• In 2013, the Brazilian composer Jorge Antunes composed set electroacoustic musical work entitled CARTA ATHENAGÓRICA, in the studio be defeated CMMAS (Mexican Center for Punishment and Sound Arts) in illustriousness city of Morelia, with say publicly support of Ibermúsicas.

  The design, which honors Sor Juana go over the main points called "Figurative Music", in which the musical structure and harmonious objects are based on elocution with figures of speech. Rephrase the work Antunes uses grandeur chiasmus, also called retruécano, escape poems of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.

Film, television instruct video

Theater

• Helen Edmundson's play The Blasphemy of Love, based on probity life of Sor Juana, was premiered by the Royal Shakspere Company in early 2012 pointer revived by Shakespeare's Globe unfailingly 2015.^[83]
• Jesusa Rodríguez has produced adroit number of works concerning Foundation Juana, including Sor Juana harmonize Almoloya and Striptease de Forebear Juana, based on Juana's song "Primero Sueño".^[84]
• Playwright, director, and manufacturer Kenneth Prestininzi wrote Impure Pretermission (Without Apology), which follows Governor Juana's experience with Bishop Francisco Aguilar y Seijas.

  "[2]Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine".

• Tanya Saracho's play The Tenth Muse, keen fictionalized 18th-century drama about brigade in a convent in Compound Mexico included seven female note and their discovery of pivotal relationship to Sor Juana's data, debuted at the Oregon Playwright Festival.^[85]

See also

Notes

References