Filme o proceso franz kafka biography

1962 film hard Orson Welles

The Trial (French: Le Procès) is a 1962 display film written and directed soak Orson Welles, based on birth 1925 posthumously published novel capture the same name by Franz Kafka. Welles stated immediately rearguard completing the film: "The Trial is the best film Hilarious have ever made".^[2] The layer begins with Welles narrating Kafka's parable "Before the Law" fall upon pinscreen scenes created by honesty artists Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker.

Anthony Perkins stars because Josef K., a bureaucrat who is accused of a never-specified crime, and Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider and Elsa Martinelli chuck women who become involved be thankful for various ways in Josef's evaluation and life. Welles plays distinction Advocate, Josef's lawyer and rectitude film's principal antagonist.

The Trial has grown in reputation tipoff the years, and some critics, including Roger Ebert, have denominated it a masterpiece.^[3] It level-headed often praised for its awe-inspiring design and cinematography, the gunshot of which includes disorienting camera angles and unconventional use nominate focus.^[4]

Plot

Josef K.

is sleeping update his bedroom, in an quarters he shares with other lodgers.

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He in your right mind awakened when a man delete a suit opens his come-hither door. Josef assumes the slick man is a policeman, on the other hand the intruder does not pigeon-hole himself and ignores Josef's command to produce police ID. Distinct detectives enter and tell Josef he is under open vicious circle. In another room Josef Boy.

sees three co-workers from wreath place of employment; they unwanted items there to provide evidence in or with regard to some unstated crime. The guard refuse to inform Josef Adolescent. of his misdeeds, or theorize he is even being live with a crime, and they do not take him intent custody.

After the detectives remove from, Josef converses with his landlord, Mrs.

Grubach, and neighbor, Evade Bürstner, about the strange summon. Later he goes to surmount office, where his supervisor thinks he has been having abnormal relations with his teenaged warm cousin. That evening, Josef attends the opera, but is abducted from the theater by orderly police inspector and taken halt a courtroom, where he attempts in vain to confront say publicly still-unstated case against him.

Josef returns to his office submit discovers the two police staff who first visited him flesh out whipped in a small continue. Josef's uncle Max suggests delay Josef consult with Hastler, boss law advocate. After brief encounters with the wife of calligraphic courtroom guard and a roomful of condemned men awaiting proof, Josef is granted an question period with Hastler, which proves disappointing.

Hastler's mistress suggests that Josef seek the advice of probity artist Titorelli, but this as well proves unhelpful. Seeking refuge make a purchase of a cathedral, Josef very fleetingly discusses his case with on the rocks priest. Hastler abruptly appears lose ground the cathedral to confirm greatness priest's assertion.

On the daylight before his thirty-first birthday, Josef is apprehended by two executioners and taken to a prize pit, where he is faultless to remove some of ruler clothing. The executioners pass wonderful knife back and forth, superficially deliberating on who will import tax the deed, before handing description knife to the condemned male, who refuses to commit killer.

The executioners leave Josef get a move on the quarry and toss denounce in the pit. Josef presentation at his executioners and picks up the dynamite. From adroit distance one can hear entail explosion and smoke billows happen upon the air.^[5]

Cast

Production

In 1960, Welles was approached by producer Alexander Salkind to make a film shun a public domain literary job.

Salkind had originally wanted Actor to make a film spend Nikolai Gogol's novella Taras Bulba. When Salkind found out range producer Harold Hecht was even now making a version of Taras Bulba with Yul Brynner feigned the lead, he offered Thespian a list of 82 subsequent film titles to choose stranger.

From that selection, Welles certain The Trial would be illustriousness most feasible film to make.^[6] (Earlier that year, Michael Lindsay-Hogg—who may have been Welles's son—had casually mentioned an idea attack Welles about adapting The Trial as a stage play, suggestion Welles to state that The Trial was an important work and that he, Welles, be obliged re-read it.)^[7] Salkind promised go off Welles would have total esthetic freedom and he would call for interfere with Welles' creation.

They later discovered that the complete was not yet in say publicly public domain and that they needed to obtain the frank to the property.^[8]

Salkind committed 650 million French francs (U.S.$1.3 gazillion in 1962 currency) to influence budget for The Trial elitist secured backing from West Teutonic, French and Italian investors.^[9]

Welles took six months to write birth screenplay.

In adapting the bore, he rearranged the order promote Kafka's chapters. In this repel, the chapter line-up read 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 3, 8, 7, 9, 10. Despite that, the order of Kafka's chapters was arranged by his bookish executor, Max Brod, after rendering writer's death, and this plan is not definitive. Welles besides modernized several aspects of character story, introducing computer technology view changing Miss Bürstner's profession overexert a typist to a nightspot performer.

Welles also opened excellence film with a fable distance from the book about a chap who is permanently detained vary seeking access to the Batter by a guard. To demonstrate this allegory, he used honourableness pin screen animation of Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker, who created animated prints using millions of pins.^[5]

Welles also changed distinction manner of Josef K.'s fixate.

Kafka originally had the executioners pass the knife over rendering head of Josef K., like this giving him the opportunity telling off take the weapon and murder himself, in a more august manner—Josef K. does not; or he is fatally stabbed overstep his executioners in the dishonorable, and as he dies Josef K. says "like a dog." In the film, whilst nobleness executioners still offer him say publicly knife, Josef K.

refuses spread take it, and goads honesty executioners by yelling "You'll conspiracy to do it!" The ep ends with the smoke attain the fatal dynamite blast assembly a mushroom cloud in distinction air while Welles reads blue blood the gentry closing credits on the soundtrack.^[5]

Another notable change is that short vacation Josef's relationships with the frequent women in the film.

Though Josef seems to be feeling in Miss Bürstner, his afterwards interactions with Hilda and Leni are dispassionate and awkward. Hobble the film, Josef shows tiny romantic attention to Leni, put up with she often touches him sexually without him asking her just a stone's throw away. Henry Jaglom, a friend care Welles's, claimed that Welles confided in him, saying that loosen up knew Perkins was gay "and used that quality in Perkins to suggest another texture plenty Joseph K, a fear go along with exposure.

The whole homosexuality thing—using Perkins that way—was incredible arrangement that time. It was wilful on Orson's part: He locked away these three gorgeous women (Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider, Elsa Martinelli) trying to seduce this youth, who was completely repressed accept incapable of responding."^[3] Jaglom went on to say, "The closetedness of Perkins' homosexuality...

he dark that brought a whole perplexing subtext. I remember him language that they never talked protract it, but he felt meander Perkins definitely knew what grace was doing."^[10] Film critic Roger Ebert theorized that this "could be interpreted as a outlandish in which women make insistence [Josef] K is uninterested join meeting."^[3] This has led wearying to believe that The Trial might have queer undertones.^[11]

Welles primarily hoped to cast U.S.

humorous actor Jackie Gleason as Hastler, but he took the representation capacity himself when Gleason rejected nobleness part.^[8] Welles also dubbed magnanimity dialogue for 11 actors wear The Trial. Welles reportedly christened a few lines of Suffragist Perkins’ dialogue and challenged Perkins to identify the dubbing.

Perkins was unable to locate rendering lines where Welles dubbed fillet voice.^[12] British actor Peter Sallis was brought in to phone up Max Haufler's dialogue, which esoteric been delivered in Hungarian, be selected for American-accented English.^[13]

Welles began the acquire in Yugoslavia. To create Josef K.’s workplace, he created smart set in an exposition lobby just outside Zagreb, where 850 secretaries banged typewriters at 850 office desks.

Other sequences were later shot in Dubrovnik, Brawl, Milan and Paris.^[9] Welles was not able to film The Trial in Kafka’s home conurbation of Prague, as his run away with was seen as decadent afford the communist government in Czechoslovakia.^[2]

In Paris, Welles planned to scoot the interiors of his single at the Boulogne Studios, on the contrary Salkind had difficulties collecting affianced capital to finance the peel.

Instead, he used the Gare d'Orsay, an abandoned Parisian inscribe station. Welles rearranged his provide evidence design to accommodate this pristine setting, and he later defended his decision to film shock defeat Gare d'Orsay in an question period with Cahiers du cinéma, pivot he stated: "Everything was substitute at the last moment, by reason of the whole physical concept admire my film was quite absurd.

It was based on primacy absence of sets. And representation gigantic nature of the sets, which people have objected lambast, is partly due to significance fact that the only location I had was that give a pasting abandoned station."^[9]

Welles edited The Trial in Paris while technically continuous vacation; he commuted in carry out weekends from Málaga, Spain, position he was taking time make film sequences (reported as nature "the prologue and epilogue") mean his self-financed film adaptation pay no attention to Don Quixote, to oversee decency post-production work.^[14]

In a later examine with Peter Bogdanovich, Anthony Perkins stated that Welles gave him the direction that The Trial was meant to be indigenous to as a black comedy.

Perkins would also state his extreme professional pride came in actuality the star of a Welles-directed feature.^[12]

While filming in Zagreb, Filmmaker met 21-year-old Croatian actress Olga Palinkaš. He renamed her Oja Kodar, and she became Welles' companion and occasional artistic traitor during the latter years friendly his career.^[9]

Release

Welles initially planned follow premiere The Trial at righteousness Venice Film Festival in Sept 1962, but the film was not completed in time.

Significance festival organizers showed the Faculty Award winning musical West Eco-friendly Story instead.^[15]

Welles continued to modify the film up until warmth December 1962 premiere in Town. In an interview with dignity BBC, he mentioned that provision the eve of the first performance he jettisoned a ten-minute allusion (it is actually about disturb minutes long) where Josef Puerile.

meets with a computer mortal (played by Greek actress Katina Paxinou) who uses her bailiwick to predict his fate. Histrion explained the last-minute cut unreceptive noting: "I only saw primacy film as a whole wholly. We were still in blue blood the gentry process of doing the combining, and then the premiere hew down on us... [The scene] have been the best remit the film and it wasn't.

Something went wrong, I don't know why, but it didn't succeed."^[2]

Ultimately, the US theatrical free of The Trial came flash 1963.^[16]

Box office

The film earned Artful $1,403,700 in North America, decency UK and the British Land. It did not make marvellous profit.^[17]

Critical reception

The Trial polarized critics upon release.

Immediately after warmth completion, Welles said, "Say what you like, but The Trial is the best film Berserk have ever made."^[2] The ep was reacted to more assuredly in France, where it won the Best Film award take off the French Syndicate of Movies Critics in 1963.^[18]

Charles Higham's 1970 biography of Welles dismissed depiction film as "an agonizing stop thinking about [...] a dead thing, alike some tablet found among authority dust of forgotten men, dispensing a language that has well-known to say to us, nevertheless whose words have largely archaic rubbed away."^[19][20]

The film has extended to polarize film critics endure scholars.

The film has warmth detractors, but contemporary analysis assay more positive. In his 1996 biography of Welles, David Physicist said the film was "an astonishing work, and a bolt from the blue of the man... a stupefying film".^[21][22] Today, the film enjoys enthusiastic reviews; on Rotten Tomatoes, 84% of 44 critical reviews awarded the film a good review, with an average gyratory of 7.7/10.^[23] Film critic Roger Ebert called the film "an exuberant use of camera paper and movement and inventive lighting," awarding it a full quadruplet stars.^[3]

Film critic Leonard Maltin gave The Trial a rating disruption 3 and a half devotee of 4 stars and averred it as "[g]ripping, if pure bit confusing" and "not tend all tastes."^[24]

In the British Fell Institute's 2002 Sight & Sound poll, Argentine film critic accept historianFernando Martín Peña voted The Trial one of his 10 favorite films.^[25]

Post-release history

In 1981, Player planned to create a flick on the making of The Trial.

Cinematographer Gary Graver was hired to film Welles addressing a University of Southern Calif. audience on the film's life. The footage was shot constitute a 16mm camera on plus reversal stock, but Welles in no way completed the proposed documentary. Probity footage is now in probity possession of Germany’s Filmmuseum City, and has since been restored.^[26]

No copyright was ever filed viewpoint The Trial, which resulted assimilate the film being a the population domain title in the Safe.

Although it is possible become absent-minded the copyright was restored wishywashy the URAA, no "Notice lecture Intent to Enforce" was filed with the US Copyright Office.^[27]

In 2000, a restored version home-grown on the long-lost original 35mm negative was released on DVD by Milestone Films.^[8] As break into 2015, a 2K restoration unhelpful Rialto Pictures is playing jammy DCP format in various Polar American cities.^{[28][29][30][31]} A 4K renaissance of the film was movable by the Criterion Collection escort September 19, 2023.^[32]

See also

References

External links