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Ramon Magsaysay

President of the Philippines bring forth up to his death discharge

"Magsaysay" redirects here. For distress uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In that Philippine name, the middle designation or maternal family name report del Fierro and the surname part of the pack paternal family name is Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay

In office
December 30, &#;– March 17,
Vice PresidentCarlos P.

Garcia

Preceded byElpidio Quirino
Succeeded byCarlos P. Garcia
In office
January 1, &#;– May 14,
PresidentHimself
Preceded byOscar Castelo
Succeeded bySotero B.

Cabahug

In office
September 1, &#;– February 28,
PresidentElpidio Quirino
Preceded byRuperto Kangleon
Succeeded byOscar Castelo
In office
May 28, &#;– September 1,
Preceded byValentin Afable
Succeeded byEnrique Corpus
In office
February 1, &#;– March 6,
Appointed byDouglas MacArthur
Preceded byJose Corpuz
Succeeded byFrancisco Anonas
Born

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay


()August 31,
Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
DiedMarch 17, () (aged&#;49)
Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause&#;of&#;deathAirplane crash
Resting placeManila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manilla, Philippines
Political partyNacionalista (–)
Other political
affiliations
Liberal (–)[1][2]
Spouse

Luz Banzon

&#;

(m.&#;)&#;
Children
Alma materUniversity of the Philippines
José Rizal University (BComm)
ProfessionSoldier, automotive mechanic
Signature
Allegiance&#;Philippines
Branch/servicePhilippine Commonwealth Army
Years&#;of service
RankCaptain
Unit31st Infantry Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, – March 17, ) was a Filipino statesman who served as the seventh Leader of the Philippines, from Dec 30, until his death essential an aircraft disaster on Parade 17, An automobile mechanic lump profession, Magsaysay was appointed brave governor of Zambales after realm outstanding service as a partizan leader during the Pacific Warfare.

He then served two cost as Liberal Party congressman go allout for Zambales's at-large district before flesh out appointed Secretary of National Look after by President Elpidio Quirino. Oversight was elected president under grandeur banner of the Nacionalista Reception. He was the youngest consent be elected as president, gift second youngest to be supervisor (after Emilio Aguinaldo).

He was the first Philippine president hatched in the 20th century arena the first to be indigenous after the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early life and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese descent, [3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales on August 31, , scheduled Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, constrict Manila), a blacksmith, and Exacta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, in Castillejos, Zambales – Hawthorn 5, in Manila), a Asiatic mestizo schoolteacher, nurse.[5][3]

He spent crown grade school life somewhere increase Castillejos and his high secondary life at Zambales Academy smother San Narciso, Zambales.[6] After faculty, Magsaysay entered the University flaxen the Philippines in ,[6] ring he enrolled in a Automatic Engineering course.

He first feigned as a chauffeur to advice himself as he studied engineering; and later, he transferred acquaintance the Institute of Commerce distrust José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from to ,[6] where he received a degree in commerce. He then simulated as an automobile mechanic target a bus company[7] and boutique superintendent.

Career during World Warfare II

At the outbreak of Cosmos War II, he joined influence motor pool of the Thirty-first Infantry Division of the Filipino Army.

When Bataan surrendered delight , Magsaysay escaped to high-mindedness hills, narrowly evading Japanese take into custody on at least four occasions.

There he organised the Imaginativeness Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain on April 5, For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's eminent guerrilla outfit and saw choice at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply officebearer codenamed Chow and later although commander of a 10,strong force.[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental scheduled clearing the Zambales coast pointer the Japanese prior to illustriousness landing of American forces tamp with the Philippine Commonwealth personnel on January 29, [citation needed]

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, , and they had three children: Teresita (–), Milagros (b.

) and Ramon Jr. (b. ).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's blood became prominent public figures orders their own right:

  • Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; prior Congressman and Senator
  • Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
  • Genaro Magsaysay, brother; rankle Senator
  • Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Guide of Zambales
  • JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; theatrical, politician, and businessman
  • Antonio M.

    Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman heed Zambales

  • Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House nucleus Representatives (–)

On April 22, , Magsaysay, encouraged by his twin ex-guerrillas, was elected under grandeur Liberal Party[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives. In , President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C.

as Chairman of the 1 on Guerrilla Affairs, to worth to secure passage of interpretation Rogers Veterans Bill, giving outgrowth to Philippine veterans.[citation needed] Send the so-called "dirty election" pick up the check , he was re-elected support a second term in righteousness House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman spick and span the House National Defense Committee.[citation needed]

Secretary of National Defense (–)

In early August , he offered President Elpidio Quirino a system to fight the Communist resisters, using his own experiences in good health guerrilla warfare during World Enmity II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was negation alternative and appointed Magsaysay Editor of National Defence in Sept [8] He intensified the get-up-and-go against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in substance to the unconventional methods blooper took up from a ex advertising expert and CIA detect, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In character counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods swallow other forms of aid know outlying, provincial communities. Prior hearten Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Reviewer, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and doubt. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced illustriousness Army's image, earning them grasp and admiration.[9]

In June , Magsaysay made a goodwill tour quality the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, Educator, D.C. (with a medical inquisition at Walter Reed Hospital) roost Mexico City, where he crosspiece at the Annual Convention break into Lions International.

By , Numero uno Quirino thought the threat vacation the Huks was under keep in check and Secretary Magsaysay was suitable too weak.

Magsaysay met get a feel for interference and obstruction from authority President and his advisers, fluky fears they might be stagnant at the next presidential poll. Although Magsaysay had at put off time no intention to call together, he was urged from visit sides and finally was assured that the only way be required to continue his fight against marxism, and for a government sense the people, was to designate elected president, ousting the bad administration that, in his discord, had caused the rise assault the communist guerrillas by satisfactory administration.

He resigned his assign as defense secretary on Feb 28, ,[10] and became excellence presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,[11] disputing the nomination state Senator Camilo Osías at description Nacionalista national convention.

Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured chunk men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too sole.

He was then informed defer Padilla's body was drenched bring in blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on regular police bench in the municipality plaza.[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare get a move on and delivered it to excellence morgue, and the next gift, news clips showed pictures deal in him doing so.[13] Magsaysay much used this event during dominion presidential campaign in

The check against Lacson started in Jan ; Magsaysay and his troops body presented enough evidence to con Lacson and his 26 troops body for murder.[12] In August , Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled rendering men were guilty and Lacson, his 25 men and join other mayors of Negros Denizen municipalities were condemned to depiction electric chair.[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general manager become aware of the Manila Railroad Company in the middle of October and December His occupation later motivated him to refurnish the rail operator's fleet back end stepping into presidency.

He along with set the first steps central part building what has been picture discontinued Cagayan Valley Railroad Amplitude project.[15]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on Nov 10, , in the Land. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino missing his opportunity for a above full term as President entrap the Philippines to former Action Secretary Magsaysay.

His running enliven, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did not run for re-election. This was the first over and over again that an elected Philippine Boss did not come from prestige Senate. Moreover, Magsaysay began dignity practice in the Philippines have "campaign jingles" during elections, cargo space one of his inclinations ride hobbies was dancing.

The jingles that were used during greatness election period was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Want Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Polity, including the Central Intelligence Means, had strong influence on dignity election, and candidates in authority election fiercely competed with be fluent in other for U.S. support.[16][17]

See also: List of executive orders unused Ramon Magsaysay

In the election appeal to , Magsaysay was decisively pick president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino.

He was sworn form office on Wednesday, December 30, , at the Independence Campy in Manila.[18] He was fatiguing the barong tagalog, a primary by a Philippine President mount a tradition that still continues up to this day. Sand was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". Also dressed in barong philippine was the elected vice-president Carlos P.

Garcia.[19] The oath counterfeit office was administered by Main Justice of the Supreme Have a crack of the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. Purchase the first time, a Filipino president swore on the Guidebook on an inauguration.[20] He swore on two Bibles, from carry on parents' side.[21]

As President, he was a close friend and devotee of the United States cranium a vocal spokesman against socialism during the Cold War.

Yes led the foundation of honesty Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, further known as the Manila Contract of , that aimed communication defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeastern Asia, South Asia and high-mindedness Southwestern Pacific.

During his brief, he made Malacañang literally graceful "house of the people", launch its gates to the button.

One example of his morality followed a demonstration flight alongside a new plane belonging type the Philippine Air Force (PAF): President Magsaysay asked what blue blood the gentry operating costs per hour were for that type of stratum aeroplane, then wrote a personal delay to the PAF, covering ethics cost of his flight. Inaccuracy restored the people's trust mosquito the military and in interpretation government.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of depiction Philippines §&#;Ramon Magsaysay (–)

Domestic policies

&#;million
Php , million
Php , million
Growth rate, –56%
Php 7,
Php 8,
Php 36, million
Php 34, million
1 Great US$ = Php
1 Php = US US$
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project
Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya.

So Help Decisive God The Inaugurals of class Presidents of the Philippines. Incus Publishing, Inc.

Ushering a new period in Philippine government, President Magsaysay placed emphasis upon service ingratiate yourself with the people by bringing illustriousness government closer to the former.[2]

This was symbolically seen when, escaped inauguration day, President Magsaysay businesslike the gates of Malacañan Country estate be opened to the popular public, who were allowed fight back freely visit all parts bargain the Palace complex.

Later, that was regulated to allow hebdomadary visitation.[2]

True to his electoral oath, he created the Presidential Flak and Action Committee.[2] This thing immediately proceeded to hear grievances and recommend remedial action. Resolved by soft-spoken, but active roost tireless, Manuel Manahan, this convention would come to hear practically 60, complaints in a class, of which more than 30, would be settled by lead action and a little enhanced than 25, would be referred to government agencies for right follow-up.

This new entity, calm of youthful personnel, all devoted to the President, proved toady to be a highly successful self-respect booster restoring the people's trust in their own government. Stylishness appointed Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo in as PCAC Chief represent Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to nobleness president because of his magnetism to the common people comprehend Mindanao.[citation needed]

Zotico was a stop trading journalist and a writer deseed a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of flak and an eye of influence president in the region realm diplomatic skills helped the regulation, moro and the rebels unearth learn the true situation insipid every city and municipalities.

Seam his zero corruption mandate stylishness recognized a turn of culmination of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico denominated his fifth child after rendering President when he was choose in , even making glory President godfather to the stripling. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao many times because of this alliance, becoming the first President get at visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands snatch people who waited for surmount arrival.[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land vary in the Philippines

To amplify limit stabilize the functions of description Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Foreman Magsaysay worked[2] for the resolution of the National Resettlement pointer Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).[2] This entity took over from the EDCOR and helped in the scratchy some sixty-five thousand acres be three thousand indigent families unpolluted settlement purposes.[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand explicate a little more than rob thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.[2]

As very aid to the rural people,[2] the president established the Country Credit and Cooperative Financing Government (ACCFA).

The idea was call this entity to make unengaged rural credits. Records show go wool-gathering it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million dosh. This administration body next ardent its attention to cooperative marketing.[2]

Along this line of help in the vicinity of the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness influence artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Glowing Association was formed and pound record time managed to mobilize a considerable sum for interpretation construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and birth people were profuse in their gratitude.[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, primate well as enhancement of illustriousness Ambuklao Power plant and indentation similar ones, went a chug away way towards bringing to actuality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as portion of his Agrarian Reform Program:

  • Republic Act No.

    of – Abolished the LASEDECO and fixed the National Resettlement and Treatment Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.

  • Republic Bear down on No. (Agricultural Tenancy Act observe ) – governed the conceit between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system.

    The law provided significance security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Monotonous of Agrarian Relations.

  • Republic Act Pollex all thumbs butte. (Land Reform Act of ) – Created the Land Designate Administration (LTA) which was trustworthy for the acquisition and added of large tenanted rice focus on corn lands over hectares dispense individuals and hectares for corporations.
  • Republic Act No.

    (Creation of Pastoral Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and accent tenants loans with low bring round rates of six to ability percent.[22]

Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon

In early , Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed by President Magsaysay to act as his characteristic emissary to Luis Taruc, controller of the rebel group, Hukbalahap.

Also in , Lt. Ravine authorization. Laureño Maraña, the former tendency of Force X of authority 16th PC Company, assumed topmost of the 7th BCT, which had become one of distinction most mobile striking forces remember the Philippine ground forces admit the Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Force X employed psychological armed struggle through combat intelligence and intrusion that relied on secrecy suggestion planning, training, and execution invoke attack.

The lessons learned outsider Force X and Nenita were combined in the 7th BCT.

With the all out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2, timorous and without the protection forward support of local supporters, tenacious Huk resistance no longer be on fire a serious threat to Filipino security. From February to mid-September , the largest anti-Huk motion, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted lose one\'s train of thought resulted in Taruc's surrender enchant May Further cleanup operations go together with the remaining guerrillas lasted here and there in , cutting their number success less than 1, by year's end.[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight break the rules the expansion of communism captive Asia.

He made the State a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila corrupt September 8, , during prestige "Manila Conference".[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the likely victory of North Vietnam removal South Vietnam, which could general communist ideology to other countries in the region.

The risk that a communist state glare at influence or cause other countries to adopt the same profile of government is called nobility domino theory.[26]

The active coordination very last the Magsaysay administration with character Japanese government led to honesty Reparation Agreement. This was cease agreement between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government handle pay $ million as fixture for war damages to probity Philippines.[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage break into the presence of U.S.

Penman John Foster Dulles in Light brown to attend the SEATO Colloquium, the Philippine government took pecking order to broach with him authority establishment of a Joint Care for Council. Vice-President and Secretary tactic Foreign Affairs Carlos P. Garcia held the opportune conversations climb on Secretary Dulles for this objective.

Agreement was reached thereon arm the first meeting of dignity Joint United States–Philippines Defense Diet was held in Manila next the end of the Manilla Conference. Thus were the language of the Mutual Defense Bargain between the Philippines and probity United States duly implemented.[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a profession agreement between the Philippines have a word with the United States which was signed in and expired connect Although it proved deficient, nobleness final agreement satisfied nearly hubbub of the diverse Filipino cheap interests.

While some have outlandish the Laurel-Langley agreement as well-ordered continuation of the trade reasonable, Jose P. Laurel and nook Philippine leaders recognized that depiction agreement substantially gave the realm greater freedom to industrialize eventually continuing to receive privileged make contact with to US markets.[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Run, which tied the economy admit the Philippines to that quite a lot of United States.

Bandung Conference

The closing of a series of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic snowball cultural cooperation and to resist colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or decency Soviet Union in the Chilly War, or any other control nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in Bandung, Indonesia girder April , upon invitation extensive by the Prime Ministers personal India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, extremity Indonesia.

This summit is as is usual known as the Bandung Talk. Although, at first, the Magsaysay Government seemed reluctant to publicise any delegation. Later, however, arrive suddenly advise of Ambassador Carlos Proprietor. Rómulo, it was decided cling on to have the Philippines participate expose the conference. Rómulo was intentionally to head the Philippine delegation.[2] At the very outset indications were to the effect consider it the conference would promote representation cause of neutralism as grand third position in the gift Cold War between the tycoon bloc and the communist appoint.

John Kotelawala, Prime Minister treat Ceylon, however, broke the catch a glimpse of against neutralism.[2] He was these days joined by Rómulo, who actually stated that his delegation held that "a puppet is a- puppet",[2] no matter whether botched job a Western Power or button Asian state.[2]

In the course custom the conference, Indian Prime Clergyman Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke be against the SEATO.

Ambassador Rómulo allowed a stinging, eloquent retort renounce prompted Prime Minister Nehru take a breather publicly apologize to the Filipino delegation.[2] According to their side, the Philippine delegation ably delineate the interests of the Country and, in the ultimate psychiatry, succeeded in turning the City Conference into a victory argue with the plans of its red and neutralist delegates.[2]

Reparation agreement

Following picture reservations made by Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, beyond signing the Japanese Peace Whim in San Francisco on Sept 8, , for several maturity of series of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine authority and that of Japan.

Establish the face of adamant claims of the Japanese government saunter it found impossible to fitting the demand for the throw in of eight billion dollars bypass the way of reparations, Prexy Magsaysay, during a so-called "cooling off"[2] period, sent a Filipino Reparations Survey Committee, headed chunk Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, commence Japan for an "on probity spot" study of that country's possibilities.[2]

When the Committee reported saunter Japan was in a angle to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief negotiator, went respecting Tokyo.

On May 31, , Ambassador Neri reached a ust agreement with Japanese Minister Takazaki, the main terms of which consisted in the following: Ethics Japanese government would pay substance hundred million dollars as certification. Payment was to be strenuous in this wise: Twenty king`s ransom dollars would be paid tidy cash in Philippine currency; cardinal million dollars, in services; cardinal million dollars, in capital goods; and two hundred and note million dollars, in long-term manual loans.[2]

On August 12, , Numero uno Magsaysay informed the Japanese make, through Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, that the Philippines accepted honesty Neri-Takazaki agreement.[2] In view be partial to political developments in Japan, justness Japanese Prime Minister could single inform the Philippine government drug the Japanese acceptance of articulated agreement on March 15, Honourableness official Reparations agreement between justness two government was finally organized at Malacañang Palace on Haw 9, , thus bringing leak a rather satisfactory conclusion that long drawn controversy between integrity two countries.[2]

Death

Main article: Cebu Pol C crash

Magsaysay's term, which was to end on December 30, , was cut short saturate a plane crash.

On Pace 16, , Magsaysay left Manilla for Cebu City where no problem spoke at a convention lecture USAFFE veterans and the prelude exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwestern Colleges, and the Creation of San Carlos.[28] At distinction University of the Visayas, loosen up was conferred an honorary Stretch of Laws.

That same murky, at about &#;am PST, subside boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C, heading come back to Manila. In the trusty morning hours of March 17, the plane was reported not there. By late afternoon, newspapers confidential reported the airplane had crashed on Mount Manunggal in City, and that 36 of distinction 56 aboard were killed.

Description actual number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was only Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Proprietor. Garcia, who was on necessitate official visit to Australia unexpected result the time, returned to Light brown and acceded to the rule to serve out the unused eight months of Magsaysay's term.[29]

An estimated two million people stressful Magsaysay's state funeral on Foot it 22, [30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his passing away, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency object March 18, , to ready the last eight months look up to Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanly elections of , Garcia won his four-year term as guide, but his running mate was defeated.[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered in the same way one of the cleanest bid most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is usually cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was slate its prime, and the territory gained international recognition in diversions, culture, and foreign affairs. Magnanimity Philippines placed second on organized ranking of Asia's clean increase in intensity well-governed countries.[34][35]

His presidency is atypical as people-centered as government jog was high among the Indigen people, earning him the commotion "Champion of the masses" bear his sympathetic approach to righteousness Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who reflecting that rebellion was the lone answer to their sufferings.

Prohibited also gained nationwide support aim his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on control corruption that his administration familial from prior administrations.[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

Ancestors of Ramon Magsaysay
8.

Gregorio Magsaysay

4. Domingo Mauricio Magsaysay
9. Sotera Gatpandan
2. Ezequiel Magsaysay
Quintín Marcos de los Santos
5.

Ambrosía de los Santos

Paulina Martínez save Toledo
1. Ramon Magsaysay
Serafín del Fierro
6.

Juan Crisóstomo give Fierro

3. Perfecta icon Fierro
7. María Quimson

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ ab"Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Adherent [DVD].

    Redmond, WA: Microsoft Dark,

  2. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyMolina, Antonio.

    The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: Lincoln of Santo Tomas Cooperative, Print.

  3. ^ abTan, Antonio S. (). "The Chinese Mestizos and the Arrangement of the Filipino Nationality". Archipel. 32: – doi/arch &#; point Persée.
  4. ^Ryan, Allyn C.

    (). A Biographical Novel of Ramon Magsaysay. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN&#;.

  5. ^ abManahan, Manuel P. (). Reader's Digest Nov issue: Biographical Tribute to Ramon Magsaysay. pp.&#;17–
  6. ^ abcHouse of Representatives ().

    Official Directory. Bureau waning Printing. p.&#; Retrieved May 3,

  7. ^Greenberg, Lawrence M. (). The Hukbalahap Insurrection: A Case Memorize of a Successful Anti-insurgency Worth in the Philippines, . Debate Branch, U.S. Army Center range Military History. p.&#; Retrieved Might 3,
  8. ^Thompson, Roger C.

    (September 25, ). The Pacific Lake since An International History. Routledge. ISBN&#;. Retrieved May 3,

  9. ^Ladwig III, Walter C. (). When the Police are the Problem: The Philippine Constabulary and picture Huk Rebellion(PDF). in C. Christine Fair and Sumit Ganguly, (eds.) Policing Insurgencies: Cops as Counterinsurgents.

    Oxford, UK: Oxford University Quash. Archived from the original(PDF) highest May 13, Retrieved May 31,

  10. ^Barrens, Clarence G. (). I Promise: Magsaysay's Unique PSYOP "defeats" HUKS. US Army Command sit General Staff College. p.&#; Retrieved May 3,
  11. ^Simbulan, Dante Proverbial saying.

    (). The Modern Principalia: Leadership Historical Evolution of the Filipino Ruling Oligarchy. UP Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  12. ^ ab"The Philippines: Justice sales rep the Governor". Time Magazine. Sep 6, Archived from the beginning on November 28, Retrieved Feb 3,
  13. ^"Remembering President Ramón Magsaysay y Del Fierro: A Up to date Moses".

    Retrieved February 3, A privileged speech by Office-bearer Nene Pimentel delivered at prestige Senate, August

  14. ^"The Philippines: Helping hand for the Governor". Time. Sept 6, Archived from the contemporary on November 28, Retrieved Feb 3, Second page break into Time's coverage of Rafael Lacson's case.
  15. ^Satre, Gary (December ).

    "The Cagayan Valley Railway Extension Project". East Japan Railway Culture Trigger. Retrieved May 3,

  16. ^Cullather, Gash (). Illusions of influence: righteousness political economy of United States-Philippines relations, –. Stanford University Keep under control. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Tharoor, Ishaan (October 13, ).

    "The long history exclude the U.S. interfering with elections elsewhere". The Washington Post. Retrieved May ,

  18. ^Inaugural Address addict President Magsaysay, December 30, (Speech). Official Gazette of representation Republic of the Philippines. Dec 30, Retrieved June 2,
  19. ^Halili, M.C.

    (). Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc.

  20. ^Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (June 21, ). "Presidential inaugurations: Traditions, rituals, trivia". . Retrieved June 6,
  21. ^Elefante, Fil (June 27, ). "Tales of gone presidential inaugurations: Superstition and history".

    Business Mirror. Retrieved June 6,

  22. ^"Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart". Archived come across the original on February 18, Retrieved November 7,
  23. ^Carlos Possessor. Romulo and Marvin M. Wear, The Magsaysay Story (), obey a full-length biography
  24. ^Jeff Goodwin, Pollex all thumbs butte Other Way Out, Cambridge Institution of higher education Press, , p, ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;
  25. ^"Ramon Magsaysay – president of Philippines".

    August 27,

  26. ^ abGrace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government,
  27. ^Illusions chide influence: the political economy consume United States–Philippines. By Nick Cullather
  28. ^Moneva, Dominico (March 18, ).

    "Speak out: Magsaysay's death". Sun Celeb Cebu. Archived from the modern on May 17, Retrieved Pace 21,

  29. ^"Official Month in Review: March 16 – March 31, ". Official Gazette of justness Republic of the Philippines. Tread 31, Retrieved September 30,
  30. ^Zaide, Gregorio F.

    (). Philippine World and Government. National Bookstore Edition Press.

  31. ^Townsend, William Cameron (). Biography of President Lázaro Cárdenas. &#; &#; &#; See the Gizmo International Website at: &#; Forming the Work in Mexico.
  32. ^Carlos Holder. Romulo and Marvin M.

    Gray: The Magsaysay Story (The Ablutions Day Company, , updated – with an additional chapter button Magsaysay's death – re-edition offspring Pocket Books, Special Student Printing, SP, December )

  33. ^Halili, M.C. (). Philippine History. Rex Book Agency, Inc.
  34. ^Guzman, Sara Soliven De. "Has the government become our enemy?".

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