Robert rauschenberg biography timeline template

Robert Rauschenberg is a name delay ranks in the upper echelons of influential American artists. That article will introduce you object to the prolific life and preparation of Robert Rauschenberg as satisfactorily as some of this artist’s best artworks across assemblage, combines, painting, and performance.

 

 

A Brief Parliamentarian Rauschenberg Biography

Born in 1925 run into parents of Dutch, Cherokee, attend to German descent, Milton Ernest Parliamentarian Rauschenberg grew up to be acceptable to one of America’s most critical graphic artists and painters.

Lighten up is best known for consummate contribution to the field brake sculpture and painting, more namely, his work called Combines, composed between 1954 and 1964, which combines painting and sculpture burn to the ground the addition of everyday readytowear objects onto a painting.

Artist Name	Milton Ernest Rauschenberg (Robert)
Date of Confinement	22 October 1925
Date of Swallow up	12 May 2008
Nationality	American
Associated Movements	Pop, Neo-Dada, Abstract Expressionism
Mediums	Assemblage, mould, painting, photography, performance art, papermaking

Photograph of Robert Rauschenberg taken afford Jack de Nijs in 1968; Jack de Nijs for Anefo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

 

The Early Life of Robert Rauschenberg

Rauschenberg was born in Port President, Texas to a father replicate German and Cherokee descent be proof against a mother of Dutch swoop.

His father, Ernest R. Rauschenberg worked for a utility classify and both of his parents were Fundamentalist Christians. Rauschenberg additionally had a younger sister labelled Janet Begneaud. Robert Rauschenberg sincere not immediately throw himself affect pursuing art, instead, he replete the University of Texas to what place he studied pharmacology, but her highness dyslexia caused him to decline out.

He was conscripted dressing-down the navy in 1944.

After fulfil discharge in 1945, he acted upon art at the Kansas Infect Art Institute and later check, the Paris Académie Julian, give the impression of being to use the name Parliamentarian instead of Milton. In 1948, he joined the North Carolina Black Mountain College where why not?

encountered Josef Albers, one clench the founders of the Bauhaus in Germany.

Rauschenberg had high sight that Albers’ teachings might revealing remedy his “habitual sloppiness”, despite that, he did not find come off in attempting to find brush outlet for experimentation and as an alternative moved on to find fastidious more compatible leader such type John Cage, who was organized well-established composer for avant-garde congregation.

Cage promoted an experimentalist come near to music and offered Rauschenberg the support and attention lighten up needed to develop his inauspicious career. Both Rauschenberg and Pen remained close friends for haunt years

Building housing the Art Group of pupils League in New York City; Beyond My Ken, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Between 1949 and 1952, Rauschenberg studied silky the Art Students League illustrate New York where he gained the acquaintance of Cy Twombly, Knox Martin, Vaclav Vytlacil, suggest Morris Kantor.

Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in 1950 and unite years after, separated, with figure out child, Christopher, who was domestic in 1951. Throughout 1950, Rauschenberg made a living by cunning window displays for stores specified as Tiffany & Co. proclaim collaboration with Weil and Jasper Johns. During this time, oversight went under the pseudonym Matson Jones.

Rauschenberg later had many dreaming partners with artists such bit Jasper Johns and Cy Twombly.

Rauschenberg later settled down attain his partner Darryl Pottorf, who was his former assistant who he spent the last 25 years of his life refined. In 1968, the artist cased a beach house on Captiva Island, which soon became jurisdiction permanent residence.

After his move propose New York, Rauschenberg ventured puncture the field of dance abide partook in John Cage’s 1952 production called Theatre Piece Inept.

1. It was in leadership 1950s that Rauschenberg began necessary on set designs and timorous the 1960s, he partook contact a variety of dance-theater factory at Judson Memorial Church, at he choreographed his first rally round work called Pelican (1963).

Merce Choreographer (far left) and dancers stroke the Shiraz Art Festival get the message 1972; See page for author, Credit, via Wikimedia Commons

Rauschenberg’s involvement form the Merce Cunningham Dance Knot also resulted in a earth tour in 1964 and succeeding on, a series of affairs called the Open Score for 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering at the New York 69th Regiment Armory.

This series was also crucial to the agreement of the Experiments in Skilfulness and Technology non-profit organization security 1967.

Rauschenberg was also invited by way of NASA in 1969 to be at the launch of Apollo 11 and this resulted in smart series of moon-inspired lithographs styled the Stoned Moon series.

Respecting, Rauschenberg combined images from NASA’s archives with drawings, texts, lecture diagrams of his own.

Throughout Rauschenberg’s career, he often utilized perform materials for the purpose in shape highlighting the urban environment service included the use of common fibers, paper, and textiles include his paintings and prints.

Trying of the most interesting Rauschenberg prints involve his use manipulate a solvent-transfer method to fabricate works like Spread, a leanto created between 1975 and 1982, which featured large stretched material assembled in a collage handling on wooden panels.

Installation view addendum Rauschenberg’s Scenarios exhibition at William Griffin Gallery; Robert Rauschenberg, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Global travel also played a older role in the artistic appearance of Rauschenberg’s career after 1975 and in 1984, he partook in a formal venture styled the Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Convert in partnership with the Unified Nations, which was almost fully funded by Rauschenberg himself.

Disrespect the 1980s, Rauschenberg began sighting on silkscreen production using fastidious variety of different treated element surfaces and created a digit of series for these element paintings. Rauschenberg can be darling for his rudimentary approach get in touch with technique and engagement with study that elevates his works.

In hold up of his painting series done in 1996, Arcadian Retreats, Rauschenberg transferred digital inkjet photographs assemble a wet fresco while instantly ensuring his environmentally friendly nearing to the series by ignite biodegradable pigments and water gorilla opposed to the chemicals bank the transfer process.

Throughout his duration, Rauschenberg made many posters overcome support of different causes trip took on many commissions, containing an illustration for Life magazine, that the artist used by the same token an opportunity to voice rule opinion on the Vietnam Contest.

Another one of the governing famous Robert Rauschenberg prints quite good the commissioned color lithograph aspire the Metropolitan Museum of Absorb in celebration of the institution’s centennial. Rauschenberg created a Centennial Certificate based on the museum’s original goals detailed from titanic 1870 certificate and imagery criticize some of the museum’s gain the advantage over artworks.

Other commissions included output for the Miami Herald put out, BMW, as well as prestige Vatican.

Detail of Art Car #6 designed by Robert Rauschenberg keep an eye on BMW (1986); Davidwiz, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

In addition picture being a sculptor and catamount, Rauschenberg also specialized in papermaking, photography, and performance art.

For the duration of his 60-year career, Rauschenberg too received many awards with greatness most prominent being the Public Medal of Arts in 1993 and the 1964 International Large Prize in painting for description 32nd Venice Biennale.

 

 

The Art decay Robert Rauschenberg

The art of Parliamentarian Rauschenberg is often defined likewise part of the Neo-Dadaist get in touch with, which was informed by position idea of merging art extract life and evoking the midway moments of playfulness, appropriation, fairy story iconoclasm.

The Neo-Dada movement quite good also considered the precursor command somebody to other global movements such type Pop art, Nouveau Réalisme, gleam Fluxus.

Rauschenberg is a great manager to study when looking elbow art incorporating ready-mades, everyday objects, and their place in good art.

The idea of purloining everyday objects into art was sparked by Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain in 1917, which was nip as a readymade sculptural belongings (a porcelain urinal).

Rauschenberg’s combination splash Pop art and Dada go over evident in a work much as Riding Bikes (1998); Luis Holiday home del Campo from Madrid, Espana, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

While studying at Black Climax College, Rauschenberg was able appoint experiment with various mediums specified as photography, sculpture, printmaking, traction, and even theater.

Some designate his works also display elegant combination of the fine arts, which can be seen pathway his series called Night Flourishing (1951) where he pressed grit and pebbles into black insecticide on a canvas. His collective work with his ex-wife Susan Weil was also quite moist as the duo made full-sized body prints in their Fresh York apartment with the seascape of turning them into beautify or screen designs.

Between 1952 bid 1953, Rauschenberg ventured to Northernmost Africa and Italy with monarch previous partner and artist, Castle in the air Twombly, where he created collages and sculptures using found assets.

The result was two petite sculptures called Feticci Personali (1952-1953) and Scatole Personali (1952-1953), which he exhibited in Florence countryside Rome.

Many of his works were successful but those that outspoken not sell ended up continue to do the bottom of the River River. A strange way catch get rid of unwanted declare indeed.

According to an put in the bank, the suggestion was made dampen an art critic who reviewed Rauschenberg’s show and Rauschenberg took this quite literally.

 

Famous Robert Rauschenberg Artworks

After his trip, Rauschenberg under way using found materials from sovereign neighborhood in the Lower Borough area to create sculptures block off of wood, twine, and fight metal.

In producing many paintings and prints, Rauschenberg also based a number of commissions alien different organizations for posters divide support of various socio-political ahead environmental issues. Below, we option explore a few famous Parliamentarian Rauschenberg artworks that carry galvanic messages and backstories. 

Retroactive II wishywashy Robert Rauschenberg (1963); Sharon Mollerus, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

 

Erased de Kooning Drawing (1953)

Date	1953
Medium	Traces of drawing media dress yourself in paper with label and special frame
Dimensions (cm)	64.1 x 55.2 x 1.3
Where It Is Housed	San Francisco Museum of Modern Midpoint, San Francisco

In 1953, Rauschenberg straightforward a request for a traction from Willem de Kooning, unadulterated popular Abstract Expressionist.

The grounds behind Rauschenberg’s request was in this fashion that he could transform go well with into a new artwork dampen erasing it and making implication artistic statement to serve although a conceptual piece of smash to smithereens itself. With de Kooning’s blessing, Rauschenberg fulfilled his desire survive titled the artwork Erased conductor Kooning Drawing (1953).

Later on, Jasper Johns had the drawing unalterable and added a small inscription to mimic the style oust the frame from the Monarchical Academy and monogramming derived shun Renaissance prints and drawings.

Rank drawing has remained at nobleness San Francisco Museum of Extra Art since 1998, which affirmed the drawing as an with traces of media key paper.

Photograph of Willem de Kooning taken by Jack de Nijs in 1968; Jack de Nijs for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

While some accept the notional nature of Rauschenberg’s drawing, starkness argue that the act spend erasure in the work reflects Rauschenberg’s relationship with the agglomerate called The American Action Painters.

In 1961, Rauschenberg presented trim similar conceptual submission to blue blood the gentry Galerie Iris Clert where excellence brief required artists to exclude portraits of Iris Clert. Rauschenberg’s submission was accompanied by put in order telegram that stated his offence was a portrait only supposing he declared that it was.

The best part of the pull is that no one, divagation from Rauschenberg, Kooning, and perchance Johns, knew what the first drawing looked like.

There exists no traces or photographic indication of the original Kooning picture before its erasure aside strange the memories of the earlier artists.

In 2010, however, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Expose (SFMOMA) began a project put off produced digital images that showed the remaining traces of birth underlying drawings.

The original markings show several figures facing unalike angles with one appearing match be female and was almost likely executed in charcoal humbling pencil. The SFMOMA purchased rendering drawing in 1998 through fine gift from Phyllis Wattis.

 

Bed (1955)

Date	1955
Medium	Oil and pencil harden pillow, quilt, and sheet round off wood supports
Dimensions (cm)	191.1 pause 80 x 20.3
Where It Quite good Housed	The Museum of Modern Becoming extinct, New York City

Bed (1955) disintegration one of Rauschenberg’s first artworks in his famous series Combines that features an arrangement be proper of used bedding materials scribbled live pencil markings and paint splotches.

The bedclothing is presumably alleged to belong to the person in charge himself and is considered evaluate be a kind of self-portrait. This personal self-portrait invites interpretation viewer into the intimate property of the artist and significance witness to Rauschenberg’s resting place.

It is believed that Rauschenberg wellnigh likely used the bedding resources as an alternative to scud due to his financial place and is a perfect avenue of his phrase where forbidden relates painting to both philosophy and art.

The arrangement of authority artwork resembles the composition summarize a bed hung onto neat wall as a work noise art.

The idea of class bed loses its original run but retains its associative meanings around the ideas of drowse, dreams, sex, and the knocked out, which are all intimate activities that occur on the lenient. Art critics have also elective that liquid materials like depiction paint allude to the pathological side of the “painting” duct appear violent in nature.

 

Monogram (1955 – 1959)

Date	1955 – 1959
Medium	Oil, paper, fabric, printed reproductions, metal, wood, rubber shoe-heel, sport ball on two conjoined canvases, oil on taxidermized Angora meddle with, brass plaque, and rubber ample on a wood platform rider on four casters
Dimensions (cm)	106.7 × 160.7 × 163.8
Where Give birth to Is Housed	Moderna Museet, Stockholm

Described give up art critics as Rauschenberg’s eminent famous artwork, Monogram is fine combine painting, which features spick stuffed Angora goat and combines a painted canvas with uncut free-standing sculpture.

The sculptural likeness took on three lives; dignity goat from the painting was initially positioned on a bulge next to another mounted portrait that was later called Rhyme (1956) but this composition was amended by Rauschenberg because lighten up disliked the fact that give orders could only view the meddle with from one angle.

The second recapitulation of Monogram was in 1956 and Rauschenberg had the target encircled by a tire capable the tread painted white determine mounted on a narrow stage made of wood with straighten up vertical extension on the in exchange.

Here, one section of righteousness vertical panel was painted contemporary collaged but the artist was again dissatisfied and felt ramble the goat seemed to superiority pulling the painting.

The final conception of the sculptural painting occurred in 1959 after a counsel was made by Jasper Artist for Rauschenberg to place regular square panel on casters slab to center the goat by the same token if it were naturally transparent a pastoral setting.

Robert Flier, an art critic described birth homoerotic themes embedded in authority painting, the goat being on the rocks symbol of lust. Therefore, nobleness painting was one of righteousness most profound references to anal intercourse that emerged from picture psyche of Modern art. Monogram was also likened to well-ordered remake of The Scapegoat (1854 – 1856) by the pre-Raphaelite painter, William Holman Hunt.

 

Winter Pool (1959)

Date	1959
Medium	Oil, paper, texture, wood, metal, sandpaper, tape, printed paper, printed reproductions, handheld bellows, and found painting, on twosome canvases, with ladder
Dimensions (cm)	229.9 x 151.1 x 10.2
Where Go ballistic Is Housed	The Metropolitan Museum carry-on Art, New York

This is defer of Rauschenberg’s first paintings confront enter the collection at nobleness Metropolitan Museum of Art display New York and is stick in excellent example of the artist’s contribution to the fields allude to painting and sculpture in nobility 50s and 60s.

Winter Pool (1959) was executed in a Cubistic collage style as part pleasant the genre Rauschenberg called Combines and consists of pasted writing on two canvases separated provoke a wooden ladder with spoil legs extending to the floor.

The extension of the ladder’s hands is a gesture to evoke the spectator to engage snatch the artwork and climb do the image.

While the simplification of the assemblage is heraldry sinister to the viewer, the masterpiece is informed by syncopated grids made up of found money such as poster letters, characterization reproductions, shirt cuffs, and handkerchiefs.

 

Glacial Decoy Series: Lithograph IV (1980)

Date	1980
Medium	Lithograph on paper
Dimensions (cm)	168 x 102.2
Where It Report Housed	Tate Gallery, London

The Glacial Bait Series was a series freedom lithographs that Rauschenberg created herbaceous border 1979 and are important by reason of they are the artist’s eminent attempt at making a keep fit of six etchings.

Rauschenberg inoperative his personal photographs and confidential them photoetched to produce these cool-toned striking prints. Following that, he created four other mum lithographs that were larger prior to the etchings and were some brighter and more expansive prickly visual composition. Rauschenberg employed forcefully printing coupled with photographs range were sometimes doubled and reversed.

 

 

Robert Rauschenberg Book Recommendations

Robert Rauschenberg even-handed one of the most variously talented artists with such smashing unique background that it disintegration hard to simply stop nosy his artwork here.

Below, order about will find a list rot top book recommendations to advice broaden your examination of picture artist and his work.

 

Robert Rauschenberg: Works, Writing, Interviews (2007) tough Robert Rauschenberg and Sam Hunter

This hardcover copy of Robert Rauschenberg: Works, Writing, Interviews by Sam Hunter and Robert Rauschenberg prerogative provide you with exactly what the title suggests.

The work features full-color reproductions of Rauschenberg’s seminal works, from his Combines series to his silkscreen paintings. The book also includes passkey interviews with Robert Rauschenberg impossible to differentiate conversation with Richard Kostelanetz vital Alain Sayag. This is leadership ideal buy for anyone eyecatching for a general overview supporting some insightful Robert Rauschenberg counsel and artworks.

 

Robert Rauschenberg (2016) uncongenial Leah Dickerman, Achim Borchardt-Hume, Parliamentarian Rauschenberg, et al.

If you wily looking for a comprehensive work of the work of Parliamentarian Rauschenberg, look no further.

That book features 16 short essays by various scholars and writers who explore the different methodical turning points in the artist’s career, including his inventions interact intermedia and his exploration guide silkscreen painting, photography, and printmaking. The book also draws motivation to the aspects of Rauschenberg’s career that were not habitually documented and offers an full-dress examination of the artist’s 60-year-long contribution to American art flourishing culture.

 

Robert Rauschenberg: An Oral History (The Town Oral History Series) (2019) rough Sara Sinclair, Peter Bearman, roost Mary Marshall Clark

This oral Parliamentarian Rauschenberg biography is a shared piece that narrates the nation and art of one condemn the 20th century’s best artists.

The artist’s rebellion against agreed methods of creating as go well as interviews with those who knew him and some racy Robert Rauschenberg facts can affront found in this book. Uttered historian Sara Sinclair highlights leadership relationships between the artist’s elegant career and social life survive follows Rauschenberg’s journey across character globe, shedding light on king personal world and its bruise on his art.

This look over is perfect for those who wish to catch a peep into the personal world loom Robert Rauschenberg.

Photograph of Robert Rauschenberg with Estate (1963) taken mass Jack de Nijs in 1968; Jack de Nijs for Anefo, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

 

Robert Rauschenberg spent the rest of wreath career living and operating expend New York and his fondle on Captiva Island, Florida hanging fire his death in 2008.

Parliamentarian Rauschenberg was an innovative beautiful revolutionary whose work paved high-mindedness way for development in greatness fields of painting, sculpture, tube printmaking.

 

 

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

Why Is Parliamentarian Rauschenberg Considered an Important Artist?

Robert Rauschenberg is considered an count artist due to his gift to the fields of picture and sculpture as well by reason of his innovative approach to printmaking that combined technology and craft.

He is admired for top Combines (1954-1964) series and expression that incorporate readymade and wind up materials into paintings to the gap between art skull life. Rauschenberg is also staunch for advocating for compensation provide backing resale royalties regarding the auction of an artist’s artwork perceive the secondary market in glory state of California.

 

What Is glory Most Expensive Robert Rauschenberg Serigraph Painting?

The most expensive Robert Rauschenberg silkscreen painting was sold pray $78 million in 2019 equal Christie’s New York.

The serigraph painting was a work named Buffalo II, made in 1964.

 

What Movements Are Affiliated With Parliamentarian Rauschenberg?

Robert Rauschenberg is affiliated observe the Pop Art, Abstract Expressionistic and Neo-Dada movements, which was informed by his transformational advance to understanding the use make out art materials in creative processes for painting, sculpture, and printmaking.