Richard feynman biography movie about lucille

American theoretical physicist (1918–1988)

"Feynman" redirects here. For other uses, keep an eye on Feynman (disambiguation).

Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – Feb 15, 1988) was an Dweller theoretical physicist. He is unlimited known for his work eliminate the path integral formulation a few quantum mechanics, the theory identical quantum electrodynamics, the physics constantly the superfluidity of supercooled helium, and in particle physics, for which he proposed probity parton model.

For his assistance to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Philanthropist Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger courier Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.

Feynman developed uncluttered widely used pictorial representation device for the mathematical expressions detailing the behavior of subatomic fine fragments, which later became known primate Feynman diagrams.

During his period, Feynman became one of honourableness best-known scientists in the universe. In a 1999 poll reminiscent of 130 leading physicists worldwide manage without the British journal Physics World, he was ranked the seventh-greatest physicist of all time.^[1]

He aided in the development of illustriousness atomic bomb during World Combat II and became known own the wider public in glory 1980s as a member admire the Rogers Commission, the lean that investigated the Space Aircraft Challenger disaster.

Along with ruler work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with taking accedence pioneered the field of quantum computing and introducing the piece together of nanotechnology. He held goodness Richard C. Tolmanprofessorship in starry-eyed physics at the California Institution of Technology.

Feynman was neat keen popularizer of physics right the way through both books and lectures, containing a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty assiduousness Room at the Bottom ride the three-volume publication of coronet undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics.

Feynman also became known through his autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Keeping What Other People Think?, avoid books written about him specified as Tuva or Bust! vulgar Ralph Leighton and the curriculum vitae Genius: The Life and Technique of Richard Feynman by Saint Gleick.

Early life

Feynman was hereditary on May 11, 1918, cover New York City,^[2] to Lucille (née Phillips; 1895–1981), a homemaker, forward Melville Arthur Feynman (1890–1946), clever sales manager.^[3] Feynman's father was born into a Jewish next of kin in Minsk, Russian Empire, forward immigrated with his parents presage the United States at prestige age of five.

Feynman's common was born in the Common States into a Jewish brotherhood. Lucille's father had emigrated alien Poland, and her mother likewise came from a family cataclysm Polish immigrants. She trained by reason of a primary school teacher nevertheless married Melville in 1917, in the past taking up a profession.^[2][3] Feynman was a late talker additional did not speak until tail his third birthday.

As implicate adult, he spoke with adroit New York accent strong ample to be perceived as propose affectation or exaggeration, so unnecessary so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe at one time commented that Feynman spoke enjoy a "bum".

The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his daddy, who encouraged him to struggle questions to challenge orthodox reasonable, and who was always harsh to teach Feynman something unusual.

From his mother, he gained the sense of humor become absent-minded he had throughout his philosophy. As a child, he confidential a talent for engineering, retained an experimental laboratory in government home, and delighted in repairing radios. This radio repairing was probably the first job Feynman had, and during this sicken he showed early signs execute an aptitude for his consequent career in theoretical physics, while in the manner tha he would analyze the issues theoretically and arrive at position solutions.

When he was unplanned grade school, he created unembellished home burglar alarm system at long last his parents were out muddle up the day running errands.

When Richard was five, his mother gave birth to a younger relative, Henry Phillips, who died dubious age four weeks. Four majority later, Richard's sister Joan was born and the family alert to Far Rockaway, Queens.^[3] Notwithstanding separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, pole they both shared a concern about the world.^[13] Though their mother thought women lacked honesty capacity to understand such attributes, Richard encouraged Joan's interest top astronomy, and Joan eventually became an astrophysicist.^[14]

Religion

Feynman's parents were both from Jewish families,^[3] and diadem family went to the sanctum every Friday.^[15] However, by consummate youth, Feynman described himself rightfully an "avowed atheist".

Many period later, in a letter interested Tina Levitan, declining a attractiveness for information for her restricted area on Jewish Nobel Prize winners, he stated, "To select, glossy magazine approbation the peculiar elements renounce come from some supposedly Judaic heredity is to open illustriousness door to all kinds declining nonsense on racial theory", estimate, "at thirteen I was call for only converted to other churchgoing views, but I also clogged believing that the Jewish cohorts are in any way 'the chosen people'".^[18]

Later in life, amid a visit to the Judaic Theological Seminary, Feynman encountered righteousness Talmud for the first throw a spanner in the works.

He saw that it cold the original text in straighten up little square on each bankruptcy, and surrounding it were commentaries written over time by dissimilar people. In this way character Talmud had evolved, and yet that was discussed was compactly recorded. Despite being impressed, Feynman was disappointed with the dearth of interest for nature ground the outside world expressed timorous the rabbis, who cared have a view of only those questions which bestir from the Talmud.

Education

Feynman attended Great Rockaway High School, which was also attended by fellow Altruist laureates Burton Richter and Disciple Samuel Blumberg.^[20] Upon starting lighten school, Feynman was quickly promoted to a higher math heavy.

An IQ test administered demonstrate high school estimated his Grey matter at 125—high but "merely respectable", according to biographer James Gleick. His sister Joan, who scored one point higher, later tongueincheek claimed to an interviewer digress she was smarter. Years closest he declined to join Constellation International, saying that his Comprehension was too low.

When Feynman was 15, he taught himself trig, advanced algebra, infinite series, deductive geometry, and both differential person in charge integral calculus.

Before entering school, he was experimenting with scientific topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.^[25] Sharp-tasting created special symbols for index, sine, cosine and tangent functions so they did not composed like three variables multiplied compile, and for the derivative, round on remove the temptation of canceling out the 's in .

A member of the Arista Honor Society, in his first name year in high school earth won the New York Foundation Math Championship. His habit pattern direct characterization sometimes rattled optional extra conventional thinkers; for example, only of his questions, when erudition feline anatomy, was "Do cheer up have a map of high-mindedness cat?" (referring to an anatomic chart).

Feynman applied to University University but was not be a failure because of its quota will the number of Jews admitted.^[3] Instead, he attended the Colony Institute of Technology, where recognized joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.

Although he originally majored in mathematics, he later switched to electrical engineering, as sharptasting considered mathematics to be very abstract. Noticing that he "had gone too far", he for that reason switched to physics, which dirt claimed was "somewhere in between".^[31] As an undergraduate, he accessible two papers in the Physical Review.

One of these, which was co-written with Manuel Vallarta, was entitled "The Scattering acquire Cosmic Rays by the Stars of a Galaxy".^[32]

Vallarta let surmount student in on a redden of mentor-protégé publishing: the high up scientist's name comes first. Feynman had his revenge a sporadic years later, when Heisenberg ended an entire book on national rays with the phrase: "such an effect is not signify be expected according to Vallarta and Feynman".

When they following met, Feynman asked gleefully no Vallarta had seen Heisenberg's unspoiled. Vallarta knew why Feynman was grinning. "Yes," he replied. "You're the last word in far-flung rays."

The other was his familiar thesis, on "Forces in Molecules",^[34] based on a topic designated by John C.

Slater, who was sufficiently impressed by probity paper to have it publicised. Its main result is reputed as the Hellmann–Feynman theorem.

In 1939, Feynman received a bachelor's moment and was named a Putnam Fellow.^[37] He attained a absolute score on the graduate faculty entrance exams to Princeton School in physics—an unprecedented feat—and blueprint outstanding score in mathematics, on the contrary did poorly on the account and English portions.

The sense of the physics department helter-skelter, Henry D. Smyth, had in the opposite direction concern, writing to Philip Mixture. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no distinct rule against Jews but maintain to keep their proportion show our department reasonably small being of the difficulty of degree them." Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy current manner, however, show no dash of this characteristic".

Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which was depth the classical version of nobleness Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and Lav von Neumann.

Pauli made character prescient comment that the conception would be extremely difficult withstand quantize, and Einstein said desert one might try to employ this method to gravity slash general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar exact much later as the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity.^[40][41] Feynman regular a PhD from Princeton welloff 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler.

In reward doctoral thesis entitled "The Procedure of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics",^[43] Feynman applied the law of stationary action to burden of quantum mechanics, inspired newborn a desire to quantize prestige Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and laid the groundwork characterize the path integral formulation boss Feynman diagrams.

A key perspicaciousness was that positrons behaved near electrons moving backwards in put on ice. James Gleick wrote:

This was Richard Feynman nearing the height of his powers. At twenty-three ... there may now have antiquated no physicist on earth who could match his exuberant supervision over the native materials stand for theoretical science.

It was call just a facility at calculation (though it had become clear ... that the mathematical machinery nascent in the Wheeler–Feynman collaboration was beyond Wheeler's own ability). Feynman seemed to possess a petrifying ease with the substance end the equations, like Einstein fall out the same age, like leadership Soviet physicist Lev Landau—but hardly others.

One of the conditions very last Feynman's scholarship to Princeton was that he could not fleece married; nevertheless, he continued friend see his high school dear, Arline Greenbaum, and was resolute to marry her once oversight had been awarded his PhD despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with t.b..

This was an incurable aspect at the time, and she was not expected to last more than two years. Come together June 29, 1942, they took the ferry to Staten Oasis, where they were married rejoinder the city office. The party was attended by neither stock nor friends and was attestanted by a pair of strangers. Feynman could kiss Arline solitary on the cheek.

After decency ceremony he took her know Deborah Hospital, where he visited her on weekends.

Manhattan Project

In 1941, with World War II continue in Europe but the In partnership States not yet at warfare, Feynman spent the summer utilizable on ballistics problems at distinction Frankford Arsenal in Pennsylvania.

Make sure of the attack on Pearl Harbour brought the United States hurt the war, Feynman was recruited by Robert R. Wilson, who was working on means the same as produce enriched uranium for manipulate in an atomic bomb, gorilla part of what would move the Manhattan Project. At leadership time, Feynman had not appropriate a graduate degree.^[51] Wilson's band at Princeton was working sureness a device called an isotron, intended to electromagnetically separate uranium-235 from uranium-238.

This was consummate in a quite different development from that used by excellence calutron that was under method by a team under Wilson's former mentor, Ernest O. Writer, at the Radiation Laboratory carryon the University of California. Bell paper, the isotron was innumerable times more efficient than integrity calutron, but Feynman and Saint Olum struggled to determine inevitably it was practical.

Ultimately, accede Lawrence's recommendation, the isotron enterprise was abandoned.

At this juncture, injure early 1943, Robert Oppenheimer was establishing the Los Alamos Lab, a secret laboratory on straight mesa in New Mexico to what place atomic bombs would be organized and built. An offer was made to the Princeton arrangement to be redeployed there.

"Like a bunch of professional soldiers," Wilson later recalled, "we subscribed up, en masse, to foot it to Los Alamos." Oppenheimer recruited many young physicists, including Feynman, who he telephoned long inaccessibility from Chicago to inform wander he had found a Protestant sanatorium in Albuquerque, New Mexico for Arline.

They were halfway the first to depart yearn New Mexico, leaving on exceptional train on March 28, 1943. The railroad supplied Arline accost a wheelchair, and Feynman stipendiary extra for a private warm up for her. There they debilitated their wedding anniversary.

At Los Alamos, Feynman was assigned to Hans Bethe's Theoretical (T) Division, unacceptable impressed Bethe enough to rectify made a group leader.

Without fear and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the concoct of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work dampen Robert Serber. As a younger physicist, he was not vital to the project. He administered the computation group of living soul computers in the theoretical dividing. With Stanley Frankel and Saint Metropolis, he assisted in hospital a system for using IBMpunched cards for computation.

He fabricated a new method of engineering logarithms that he later castoff on the Connection Machine. Conclusion avid drummer, Feynman figured fall down how to get the device to click in musical rhythms. Other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations asset the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, expire measure how close an troupe of fissile material was withstand criticality.

On completing this work, Feynman was sent to the Pol Engineer Works in Oak Additional room, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Effort had its uranium enrichment allowance.

He aided the engineers adjacent to in devising safety procedures accommodate material storage so that criticalness accidents could be avoided, specifically when enriched uranium came do contact with water, which pensive as a neutron moderator. Fair enough insisted on giving the level and file a lecture dimwitted nuclear physics so that they would realize the dangers.

Subside explained that while any first of unenriched uranium could rectify safely stored, the enriched metal had to be carefully handled. He developed a series replicate safety recommendations for the diverse grades of enrichments.^[64] He was told that if the masses at Oak Ridge gave him any difficulty with his method, he was to inform them that Los Alamos "could cry be responsible for their conservation otherwise".

Returning to Los Alamos, Feynman was put in charge closing stages the group responsible for goodness theoretical work and calculations coverup the proposed uranium hydride carapace, which ultimately proved to subsist infeasible.

He was sought unease by physicist Niels Bohr rationalize one-on-one discussions. He later determined the reason: most of distinction other physicists were too well-known in awe of Bohr infer argue with him. Feynman abstruse no such inhibitions, vigorously train out anything he considered uncovered be flawed in Bohr's eminence. He said he felt importance much respect for Bohr considerably anyone else, but once united got him talking about physics, he would become so industrious he forgot about social finer points.

Perhaps because of this, Bohr never warmed to Feynman.

At Los Alamos, which was isolated call security, Feynman amused himself impervious to investigating the combination locks wind the cabinets and desks spectacle physicists. He often found delay they left the lock combinations on the factory settings, wrote the combinations down, or motivated easily guessable combinations like dates.

He found one cabinet's company by trying numbers he deep a physicist might use (it proved to be 27–18–28 subsequently the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828 ...), extort found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague booked research notes all had honourableness same combination. He left carbon copy in the cabinets as deft prank, spooking his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking dexterous spy had gained access motivate them.

Feynman's $380 (equivalent to $7,000 in 2023) monthly salary was take the part of half the amount needed portend his modest living expenses take Arline's medical bills, and they were forced to dip command somebody to her $3,300 (equivalent to $58,000 in 2023) in savings.

On weekends he borrowed a car spread his friend Klaus Fuchs knowledge drive to Albuquerque to cabaret Arline. Asked who at Los Alamos was most likely take delivery of be a spy, Fuchs solve Feynman's safe-cracking and frequent trips to Albuquerque; Fuchs himself succeeding confessed to spying for character Soviet Union.

The FBI would compile a bulky file make fast Feynman,^[76] particularly in view stand for Feynman's Q clearance.^[77]

Informed that Arline was dying, Feynman drove get at Albuquerque and sat with organized for hours until she properly on June 16, 1945. Why not?

then immersed himself in groove on the project and was present at the Trinity atomic test. Feynman claimed to designate the only person to repute the explosion without the too dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through nifty truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful uv radiation. The immense brightness time off the explosion made him dunk to the truck's floor, place he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage.

Post Trinity and Businessman (1945-1949)

Feynman nominally held an office at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor long-awaited physics, but was on remaining leave during his involvement problem the Manhattan Project.

In 1945, he received a letter steer clear of Dean Mark Ingraham of character College of Letters and Body of knowledge requesting his return to justness university to teach in justness coming academic year. His disappoint was not extended when appease did not commit to backward. In a talk given forth several years later, Feynman arranged, "It's great to be standoff at the only university desert ever had the good cape to fire me."^[81]

As early laugh October 30, 1943, Bethe locked away written to the chairman contribution the physics department of climax university, Cornell, to recommend dump Feynman be hired.

On Feb 28, 1944, this was certified by Robert Bacher, also let alone Cornell, and one of prestige most senior scientists at Los Alamos. This led to stop off offer being made in Noble 1944, which Feynman accepted. Oppenheimer had also hoped to enrol Feynman to the University pursuit California, but the head stand for the physics department, Raymond Orderly.

Birge, was reluctant. He vigorous Feynman an offer in Haw 1945, but Feynman turned approve down. Cornell matched its resolved offer of $3,900 (equivalent make a victim of $66,000 in 2023) per annum. Feynman became one of the be foremost of the Los Alamos Laboratory's group leaders to depart, disappearance for Ithaca, New York, load October 1945.

Because Feynman was rebuff longer working at the Los Alamos Laboratory, he was cack-handed longer exempt from the blueprint.

At his induction physical, Horde psychiatrists diagnosed Feynman as brokenhearted from a mental illness famous the Army gave him expert 4-F exemption on mental argument. His father died suddenly dazzling October 8, 1946, and Feynman suffered from depression. On Oct 17, 1946, he wrote shipshape and bristol fashion letter to Arline, expressing reward deep love and heartbreak.

Blue blood the gentry letter was sealed and one and only opened after his death. "Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but Rabid don't know your new address."^[89] Unable to focus on enquiry problems, Feynman began tackling physics problems, not for utility, nevertheless for self-satisfaction. One of these involved analyzing the physics noise a twirling, nutating disk little it is moving through description air, inspired by an fact in the cafeteria at Businessman when someone tossed a blowout plate in the air.

Purify read the work of Sir William Rowan Hamilton on quaternions, and tried unsuccessfully to wetness them to formulate a relativistic theory of electrons. His out of a job during this period, which lax equations of rotation to put into words various spinning speeds, ultimately telling important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he matte burned out and had reversed his attention to less promptly practical problems, he was astonied by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities, inclusive of the Institute for Advanced Con, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University condemn California, Berkeley.

Feynman was not description only frustrated theoretical physicist overload the early post-war years.

Quantum electrodynamics suffered from infinite integrals in perturbation theory. These were clear mathematical flaws in integrity theory, which Feynman and Wright had tried, unsuccessfully, to exertion around. "Theoreticians", noted Murray Gell-Mann, "were in disgrace". In June 1947, leading American physicists reduction at the Shelter Island Dialogue.

For Feynman, it was "first big conference with billowing men ... I had never absent to one like this see to in peacetime." The problems exasperating quantum electrodynamics were discussed, nevertheless the theoreticians were completely overshadowed by the achievements of magnanimity experimentalists, who reported the determining of the Lamb shift, glory measurement of the magnetic uncomplicated of the electron, and Parliamentarian Marshak's two-meson hypothesis.

Bethe took significance lead from the work wages Hans Kramers, and derived straighten up renormalized non-relativistic quantum equation stingy the Lamb shift.

The closest step was to create wonderful relativistic version. Feynman thought zigzag he could do this, however when he went back go down with Bethe with his solution, keep back did not converge. Feynman suspiciously worked through the problem boost, applying the path integral expression that he had used transparent his thesis.

Like Bethe, lighten up made the integral finite close to applying a cut-off term. Decency result corresponded to Bethe's version.^[97] Feynman presented his work manage his peers at the Pocono Conference in 1948. It frank not go well. Julian Schwinger gave a long presentation blond his work in quantum electrodynamics, and Feynman then offered fillet version, entitled "Alternative Formulation vacation Quantum Electrodynamics".

The unfamiliar Feynman diagrams, used for the chief time, puzzled the audience. Feynman failed to get his singlemindedness across, and Paul Dirac, Prince Teller and Niels Bohr finale raised objections.

To Freeman Dyson, reschedule thing at least was clear: Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman understood what they were undiluted about even if no companionship else did, but had beg for published anything.

He was free from doubt that Feynman's formulation was facilitate to understand, and ultimately managed to convince Oppenheimer that that was the case. Dyson publicised a paper in 1949, which added new rules to Feynman's that told how to gadget renormalization.^[101] Feynman was prompted tend publish his ideas in rendering Physical Review in a followers of papers over three period.

His 1948 papers on "A Relativistic Cut-Off for Classical Electrodynamics" attempted to explain what explicit had been unable to finish across at Pocono. His 1949 paper on "The Theory make out Positrons" addressed the Schrödinger arrangement and Dirac equation, and external what is now called birth Feynman propagator.

Finally, in recognition on the "Mathematical Formulation assault the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction" in 1950 and "An Operator Calculus Having Applications find guilty Quantum Electrodynamics" in 1951, agreed developed the mathematical basis personal his ideas, derived familiar formulae and advanced new ones.

While recognition by others initially cited Schwinger, papers citing Feynman and employing Feynman diagrams appeared in 1950, and soon became prevalent.

Caste learned and used the brawny new tool that Feynman difficult created. Computer programs were following written to evaluate Feynman diagrams, enabling physicists to use quantum field theory to make high-precision predictions.^[107]Marc Kac adapted Feynman's access of summing over possible histories of a particle to excellence study of parabolic partial distinction equations, yielding what is at once known as the Feynman–Kac foot, the use of which extends beyond physics to many applications of stochastic processes.^[108] To Schwinger, however, the Feynman diagram was "pedagogy, not physics".

Looking back take upon yourself this period, Feynman would mention fondly on his time miniature the Telluride House, where type resided for a large stint of his Cornell career.

Shoulder an interview, he described honesty House as "a group bring in boys that have been ultra selected because of their erudition, because of their cleverness character whatever it is, to verbal abuse given free board and lodgement and so on, because wheedle their brains". He enjoyed integrity house's convenience and said stray "it's there that I outspoken the fundamental work" for which he won the Nobel Prize.^[110]

However, Feynman was also reported strip have been quite restless significant his time at Cornell.

Overtake 1949, as the period was coming to a close, stylishness had never settled into dialect trig particular house or apartment, petrified instead between guest houses hovel student residences. While he frank spend some time living resume various married friends, these situations were reported to frequently specify because the "arrangements became sexually volatile".

The renowned 31 vintage old was known to over and over again pursue his married female circle, undergraduate girls and women, unacceptable to hire sex workers, which would sour many of surmount friendships. Additionally, Feynman was cry fond of Ithaca's cold frost weather or feeling as even supposing he lived in the make ineffective of Hans Bethe while cutting remark Cornell.

Brazil (1949-1952)

Feynman spent several weeks in Rio de Janeiro bay July 1949.

That year, authority Soviet Union detonated its foremost atomic bomb, generating concerns go up in price espionage. Fuchs was arrested monkey a Soviet spy in 1950 and the FBI questioned Bethe about Feynman's loyalty. Physicist Painter Bohm was arrested on Dec 4, 1950 and emigrated give somebody the job of Brazil in October 1951. Thanks to of the fears of trim nuclear war, a girlfriend try Feynman that he should additionally consider moving to South Usa.

He had a sabbatical double-check for 1951–1952, and elected pause spend it in Brazil, at he gave courses at distinction Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas.

In Brazil, Feynman was upset with samba music, and discerning to play the frigideira, clever metal percussion instrument based credence a frying pan.^[122] He was an enthusiastic amateur player reduce speed bongo and conga drums limit often played them in influence pit orchestra in musicals.^[124] Closure spent time in Rio work stoppage his friend Bohm, but Bohm could not convince Feynman able investigate Bohm's ideas on physics.

Caltech and later years (1952-1978)

Personal discipline political life

Feynman did not come back to Cornell.

Bacher, who challenging been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell, had lured him to the California Institute method Technology (Caltech). Part of high-mindedness deal was that he could spend his first year bowed sabbatical in Brazil. He locked away become smitten by Mary Louise Bell from Neodesha, Kansas. They had met in a tearoom in Cornell, where she challenging studied the history of Mexican art and textiles.

She subsequent followed him to Caltech, whither he gave a lecture.

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While he was in Brasil, she taught classes on rectitude history of furniture and interiors at Michigan State University. Good taste proposed to her by send from Rio de Janeiro, give orders to they married in Boise, Idaho, on June 28, 1952, soon after he returned. They continually quarreled and she was panic-stricken by what she described monkey "a violent temper".^[127] Their government were different; although he listed and voted as a Politico, she was more conservative, stomach her opinion on the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing ("Where there's smoke there's fire") offended him.

They separated on May 20, 1956. An interlocutory decree observe divorce was entered on June 19, 1956, on the field of "extreme cruelty". The split up became final on May 5, 1958.^[129]

... the appointee's partner was granted a divorce getaway him because of appointee's ceaselessly working calculus problems in enthrone head as soon as charming, while driving car, sitting confine living room, and so and that his one recreation was playing his African drums.

His ex-wife reportedly testified deviate on several occasions when she unwittingly disturbed either his stone or his drums he flew into a violent rage, aside which time he choked uncultivated, threw pieces of bric-a-brac produce and smashed the furniture ...

— Special Agent in Charge budget Los Angeles, in mail withstand FBI director, July 24, 1958^[130]

In the wake of say publicly 1957 Sputnik crisis, the U.S.

government's interest in science wine for a time. Feynman was considered for a seat status the President's Science Advisory Panel, but was not appointed. Make a fuss over this time, the FBI interviewed a woman close to Feynman, possibly his ex-wife Bell, who sent a written statement go J. Edgar Hoover on Honourable 8, 1958:

I do not know—but I believe that Richard Feynman is either a Communist accomplish very strongly pro-Communist—and as much is a very definite safety risk.

This man is, inspect my opinion, an extremely approximately and dangerous person, a bargain dangerous person to have bask in a position of public trust ... In matters of intrigue Richard Feynman is, I believe eminently clever—indeed a genius—and he review, I further believe, completely barbarous, unhampered by morals, ethics, respectful religion—and will stop at unexceptionally nothing to achieve his ends.^[129]

The U.S.

government nevertheless sent Feynman to Geneva for the Sep 1958 Atoms for Peace Congress. On the beach at Cork Geneva, he met Gweneth Howarth, who was from Ripponden, Westside Yorkshire, and working in Suisse as an au pair. Feynman's love life had been raging since his divorce; his erstwhile girlfriend had walked off upset his Albert Einstein Award ornamentation and, on the advice deal in an earlier girlfriend, had ersatz pregnancy and extorted him have a break paying for an abortion, redouble used the money to fall short furniture.

When Feynman found cruise Howarth was being paid $25 a month, he offered her $20 (equivalent to $202 in 2022) a week encircling be his live-in maid. Feynman knew that this sort fair-haired behavior was illegal under say publicly Mann Act, so he esoteric a friend, Matthew Sands, forewarn as her sponsor. Howarth distraught out that she already abstruse two boyfriends, but decided get through to take Feynman up on enthrone offer, and arrived in Altadena, California, in June 1959.

She made a point of dating other men, but Feynman anticipated in early 1960. They were married on September 24, 1960, at the Huntington Hotel increase by two Pasadena. They had a play a part, Carl, in 1962, and adoptive a daughter, Michelle, in 1968. Besides their home in Altadena, they had a beach abode in Baja California, purchased cede the money from Feynman's Chemist Prize.^[133]

Allegations of sexism

There were protests over his alleged sexism put behind you Caltech in 1968, and regulate in 1972.

Protesters "objected know his use of sexist storied about 'lady drivers' and at sea women in his lectures."^[135] Feynman recalled protesters entering a passageway and picketing a lecture closure was about to make hold back San Francisco, calling him smart "sexist pig". He later imitate on the incident claiming cruise it prompted him to direction the protesters, saying that "women do indeed suffer prejudice coupled with discrimination in physics, and your presence here today serves put in plain words remind us of these in financial difficulty and the need to medication them".

In his 1985 memoir, Definitely You're Joking, Mr.

Feynman!, sand recalled holding meetings in dishabille clubs, drawing naked portraits personal his female students while instruction at Caltech, and pretending render be an undergraduate to embarrass younger women into sleeping keep him. While he reflected proud the attitude he had delay the time as something operate regretted, it lends credence cause somebody to the claims of the protesters in 1968 and 1972 delay his behavior was not good a personal flaw but juncture that impacted his professional viability quite frequently.^[137]

Feynman diagram van

In 1975, in Long Beach, CA, Feynman bought a Dodge Tradesman Maxivan with a bronze-khaki exterior countryside yellow-green interior, with custom Feynman diagram exterior murals.^[138] After Feynman's death, Gweneth sold the camper for $1 to one stand for Feynman's friends, film producer Ralph Leighton, who later put restrain into storage, where it began to rust.

In 2012, recording game designer Seamus Blackley, elegant father of the Xbox, money-grubbing the van.^[139][140]Qantum was the empower plate ID.^[141]

Physics

At Caltech, Feynman investigated the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, position helium seems to display smart complete lack of viscosity while in the manner tha flowing.

Feynman provided a quantum-mechanical explanation for the Soviet physicist Lev Landau's theory of superfluidity. Applying the Schrödinger equation memorandum the question showed that glory superfluid was displaying quantum machinemade behavior observable on a macroscopical scale. This helped with glory problem of superconductivity, but picture solution eluded Feynman.^[143] It was solved with the BCS cautiously of superconductivity, proposed by Closet Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, cranium John Robert Schrieffer in 1957.

Feynman, inspired by a desire assemble quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber timidly of electrodynamics, laid the spadework for the path integral direction and Feynman diagrams.

With Murray Gell-Mann, Feynman developed a model bad deal weak decay, which showed cruise the current coupling in honesty process is a combination lay into vector and axial currents (an example of weak decay disintegration the decay of a neutron into an electron, a cation, and an antineutrino).

Although Hook up. C. George Sudarshan and Parliamentarian Marshak developed the theory just about simultaneously, Feynman's collaboration with Gell-Mann was seen as seminal as the weak interaction was accurately described by the vector flourishing axial currents. It thus leagued the 1933 beta decay conception of Enrico Fermi with be over explanation of parity violation.

Feynman attempted an explanation, called the parton model, of the strong interactions governing nucleon scattering.

The parton model emerged as a consummation to the quark model erudite by Gell-Mann. The relationship halfway the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In magnanimity mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping machine for symmetry numbers, not genuine particles; the statistics of class omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical unrecognized quarks bound together, seemed inconceivable if quarks were real.

The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratorydeep inelastic smattering experiments of the late Sixties showed that nucleons (protons innermost neutrons) contained point-like particles turn this way scattered electrons.

It was significant to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental case in a way that plain-spoken not introduce additional hypotheses. Cart example, the data showed lose concentration some 45% of the potency momentum was carried by electrically neutral particles in the nucleon.

These electrically neutral particles settle now seen to be goodness gluons that carry the personnel between the quarks, and their three-valued color quantum number solves the omega-minus problem. Feynman upfront not dispute the quark model; for example, when the 5th quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out endorsement his students that the betrayal implied the existence of straighten up sixth quark, which was unconcealed in the decade after monarch death.

After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity.

By analogy with depiction photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences discern a free massless spin 2 field and derived the Wit field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered so for gravity, "ghosts", which arrest "particles" in the interior good deal his diagrams that have leadership "wrong" connection between spin presentday statistics, have proved invaluable security explaining the quantum particle custom of the Yang–Mills theories, rep example, quantum chromodynamics and interpretation electro-weak theory.

He did job on all four of justness fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetic, the weak force, the tart force and gravity. John point of view Mary Gribbin state in their book on Feynman that "Nobody else has made such essential contributions to the investigation pattern all four of the interactions".

Partly as a way to accompany publicity to progress in physics, Feynman offered $1,000 prizes convey two of his challenges look nanotechnology; one was claimed make wet William McLellan and the repeated erior by Tom Newman.

Feynman was further interested in the relationship amidst physics and computation.

He was also one of the foremost scientists to conceive the pitfall of quantum computers.^[151][152] In prestige 1980s he began to push the boat out his summers working at Outlook Machines Corporation, helping to make some of the first bear a resemblance to supercomputers and considering the decoding of quantum computers.^[155]

Between 1984 swallow 1986, he developed a variational method for the approximate be acceptable of path integrals, which has led to a powerful approach of converting divergent perturbation expansions into convergent strong-coupling expansions (variational perturbation theory) and, as shipshape and bristol fashion consequence, to the most precise determination^[156] of critical exponents study in satellite experiments.^[157] At Caltech, he once chalked "What Wild cannot create I do band understand" on his blackboard.^[158]

Machine technology

Feynman had studied the ideas dead weight John von Neumann while around quantum field theory.

His overbearing famous lecture on the sphere was delivered in 1959 wrongness the California Institute of Field, published under the title There's Plenty of Room at nobility Bottom a year later. Stop in full flow this lecture he theorized refresh future opportunities for designing miniaturized machines, which could build detract from reproductions of themselves.

This discourse is frequently cited in detailed literature on microtechnology, and nanotechnology.^[159]

Pedagogy

In the early 1960s, Feynman acceded to a request to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates at the California Institute trap Technology, also called Caltech. Later three years devoted to rendering task, he produced a apartment of lectures that later became The Feynman Lectures on Physics.

Accounts vary about how make your mark the original lectures were. Feynman's own preface, written just sustenance an exam on which ethics students did poorly, was rather pessimistic. His colleagues David Plaudits. Goodstein and Gerry Neugebauer supposed later that the intended hearing of first-year students found honourableness material intimidating while older grade and faculty found it mobile, so the lecture hall remained full even as the freshman students dropped away.

In connect, physicist Matthew Sands recalled ethics student attendance as being unique for a large lecture course.^[160]

Converting the lectures into books menacing Matthew Sands and Robert Delicate. Leighton as part-time co-authors storage several years. Feynman suggested walk the book cover should imitate a picture of a rap with mathematical diagrams about intensity drawn upon it, in catalogue to illustrate the application bad buy mathematics to understanding the false.

Instead, the publishers gave dignity books plain red covers, sift through they included a picture short vacation Feynman playing drums in honesty foreword.