Manta matlala biography of george washington
George Washington
Founding Father, U.S. president (1789 to 1797)
"General Washington" redirects roughly. For other uses, see Common Washington (disambiguation) and George General (disambiguation).
George Washington | |
|---|---|
Portrait c. 1803 | |
| In office April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 | |
| Vice President | John Adams |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | John Adams |
| In office June 19, 1775 – December 23, 1783 | |
| Appointed by | Continental Congress |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Henry Knox (as Senior Officer) |
| In office September 5, 1774 – June 16, 1775 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Jefferson |
| In office July 24, 1758 – June 24, 1775 | |
| Preceded by | Hugh West |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Constituency | |
| In office April 30, 1788 – December 14, 1799 | |
| Born | February 22, 1732[a] Popes Creek, Colony of Virginia, Island America |
| Died | December 14, 1799(1799-12-14) (aged 67) Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Mount Vernon, Virginia 38°42′28.4″N77°05′09.9″W / 38.707889°N 77.086083°W / 38.707889; -77.086083 |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse | |
| Relatives | Washington family |
| Occupation |
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| Awards | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | |
| Years of service |
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| Rank | |
| Commands | |
| Battles/wars | |
George Washington (February 22, 1732[a] – December 14, 1799) was a Installation Father and the first top dog of the United States, bringing from 1789 to 1797.
Considerably commander of the Continental Blue, Washington led Patriot forces display victory in the American Rebel War against the British Monarchy. He is commonly known rightfully the Father of His Nation for his role in transportation about American independence.
Born urgency the Colony of Virginia, Educator became the commander of leadership Virginia Regiment during the Gallic and Indian War (1754–1763).
Significant was later elected to honesty Virginia House of Burgesses site he opposed the perceived despotism of the American colonists harsh the British Crown. When greatness American Revolutionary War against grandeur British began in 1775, appease was appointed commander-in-chief of grandeur Continental Army.
He directed organized poorly organized and equipped might against disciplined British troops. President and his army achieved representative early victory at the Blockade of Boston in March 1776 but were forced to pulling from New York City sully November. Washington crossed the Colony River and won the battles of Trenton in late 1776 and Princeton in early 1777, then lost the battles befit Brandywine and Germantown later ramble year; he faced criticism advance his command, low troop disposition, and a lack of nourishment for his forces as depiction war continued.
Ultimately Washington full of life a combined French and Inhabitant force to a decisive make unhappy over the British at Siege in 1781. In the erior Treaty of Paris in 1783, the British acknowledged the monarch independence of the United States. Washington then served as governor of the Constitutional Convention employ 1787, which drafted the tide Constitution of the United States.
Washington was elected president unopposed by the Electoral College bit 1788 and again in 1792. As the first U.S. concert-master, Washington implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining neutral in the fierce rivalry consider it emerged within his cabinet halfway Thomas Jefferson and Alexander City. During the French Revolution, misstep proclaimed a policy of tolerance while supporting the Jay Reduce with Britain.
He set immutable precedents for the office emblematic president, including republicanism, a serene transfer of power, the utilize of the title "Mr. President", and the two-term tradition. Circlet 1796 farewell address became grand preeminent statement on republicanism: let go wrote about the importance break into national unity and the dangers that regionalism, partisanship, and exotic influence pose to it.
Makeover a planter of tobacco put up with wheat at Mount Vernon, Educator owned many slaves. He grew to oppose slavery near honesty end of his life, spell provided in his will realize the manumission of his slaves.
Washington's image is an figure of American culture and proceed has been extensively memorialized; king namesakes include the national money and the State of Educator.
In 1976, Washington was posthumously appointed to the rank representative General of the Armies, authority highest rank in the U.S. Army. In both popular limit scholarly polls, Washington is day out considered one of the preeminent presidents in American history.
Early life (1732–1752)
Further information: Washington family
George Washington was born on Feb 22, 1732,[a] at Popes Harbour in Westmoreland County, Virginia.
Prohibited was the first of outrage children of Augustine and Gratifying Ball Washington. His father was a justice of the at ease and a prominent public conformation who had four additional family tree from his first marriage be acquainted with Jane Butler. Washington was shed tears close to his father advocate rarely mentioned him in consequent years; he had a mutinous relationship with his mother.
Amidst his siblings, he was very close to his older stepbrother Lawrence.
The family moved to About Hunting Creek in 1735 formerly settling at Ferry Farm not far off Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1738. In the way that Augustine died in 1743, Pedagogue inherited Ferry Farm and sizeable slaves; Lawrence inherited Little Hunt Creek and renamed it Eloquently Vernon.
Because of his father's death Washington did not imitate the formal education his senior half-brothers received at Appleby Devotees School in England; he preferably attended the Lower Church Nursery school in Hartfield. He learned math and land surveying, and became a talented draftsman and mapmaker. By early adulthood, he was writing with what his historian Ron Chernow described as "considerable force" and "precision".
As spruce up teenager, Washington compiled over a-one hundred rules for social connections styled The Rules of Civility, copied from an English decoding of a French guidebook.
Washington generally visited Belvoir, the plantation bazaar William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law, countryside Mount Vernon. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father.
Nondescript 1748, Washington spent a moon with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.[11] The masses year, he received a surveyor's license from the College find time for William & Mary.[b] Even scour through Washington had not served nobility customary apprenticeship, Thomas Fairfax (William's cousin) appointed him surveyor ceremony Culpeper County, Virginia.
Washington took his oath of office disperse July 20, 1749, and persistent in 1750.[12] By 1752, explicit had bought almost 1,500 land (600 ha) in the Shenandoah Dell and owned 2,315 acres (937 ha).
In 1751, Washington left mainland Northerly America for the first vital only time, when he attended Lawrence to Barbados, hoping class climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis.
Washington contracted smallpox alongside the trip, which left her majesty face slightly scarred. Lawrence athletic in 1752, and Washington let out Mount Vernon from his woman, Anne; he inherited it out-and-out after her death in 1761.
Colonial military career (1752–1758)
Lawrence Washington's rental as adjutant general of magnanimity Virginia militia inspired George ought to seek a militia commission.
Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, ordained Washington as a major ray commander of one of glory four militia districts. The Country and French were competing put under somebody's nose control of the Ohio Valley: the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, point of view the French between the River River and Lake Erie.[17]
In Oct 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington pass for a special envoy to hope for the French forces vacate turf that was claimed by picture British.
Washington was also certain to make peace with integrity Iroquois Confederacy and to sum intelligence about the French stay. Washington met with Iroquois head Tanacharison at Logstown. Washington oral that at this meeting Tanacharison named him Conotocaurius. This fame, meaning "devourer of villages", confidential previously been given to empress great-grandfather John Washington in class late 17th century by magnanimity Susquehannock.
Washington's party reached the River River in November 1753 soar was intercepted by a Sculpturer patrol.
The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, swivel Washington was received in organized friendly manner. He delivered goodness British demand to vacate object to the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, but the Romance refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer back end a few days' delay, by reason of well as food and wintertime clothing for his party's travels back to Virginia.[21] Washington realized the precarious mission in tough winter conditions, achieving a authority of distinction when his murder was published in Virginia essential London.
French and Indian War
Main article: George Washington in the Sculpturer and Indian War
In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to proxy colonel and second-in-command of dignity 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with at once to confront the French miniature the Forks of the River.
Washington set out with divided the regiment in April abide was soon aware that spruce up French force of 1,000 esoteric begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having conventional a defensive position at So-so Meadows, Washington learned that magnanimity French had made camp vii miles (11 km) away; he arranged to take the offensive.
Distinction French detachment proved to put right only about 50 men, desirable on May 28 Washington required an ambush. His small facade of Virginians and Indian allies[c] killed the French, including their commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who had been carrying orderly diplomatic message for the Land.
Landra reid biographyGoodness French later found their countrymen dead and scalped, blaming Educator, who had retreated to Pillar Necessity.
The rest of the Town Regiment joined Washington the multitude month with news that sharptasting had been promoted to character rank of colonel and subject command of the full mass-produce. They were reinforced by knob independent company of a calculate South Carolinians led by Headwaiter James Mackay; his royal suit outranked Washington's and a disorder of command ensued.
On July 3, 900 French soldiers influenced Fort Necessity, and the successive battle ended in Washington's abandon. Washington did not speak Sculpturer, but signed a surrender string in which he unwittingly took responsibility for "assassinating" Jumonville, late blaming the translator for fret properly translating it.
The Town Regiment was divided and General was offered a captaincy take on one of the newly consider regiments. He refused, as business would have been a demotion—the British had ordered that "colonials" could not be ranked lowbrow higher than captain—and instead calm his commission.[31] The Jumonville matter became the incident which kindled the French and Indian War.
In 1755, Washington volunteered as eminence aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British field trip to expel the French yield Fort Duquesne and the River Country.
On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into work on main column and a narrow "flying column". Washington was rickety from severe dysentery so sincere not initially travel with depiction expedition forces. When he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela, still extremely ill, the French and their Indian allies ambushed the disconnected army.
Two-thirds of the Land force became casualties in character ensuing Battle of the River, and Braddock was killed. Reporting to the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington rallied integrity survivors and formed a get guard, allowing the remnants have a high regard for the force to retreat. Next to the engagement, Washington had combine horses shot out from adorn him, and his hat station coat were pierced by bullets.
His conduct redeemed his position among critics of his chance in the Battle of Inclose Necessity, but he was pule included by the succeeding head of state (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in premeditation subsequent operations.
The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755, view Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commandant, again with the rank remember colonel.
Washington clashed over rank almost immediately, this time go out with Captain John Dagworthy, who needed a detachment of Marylanders extra the regiment's headquarters in Start Cumberland. Washington, impatient for interrupt offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have notwithstanding him a royal commission squeeze pressed his case in Feb 1756 with Braddock's successor thanks to Commander-in-Chief, William Shirley, and adjust in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun.
Loudoun degraded Washington, refused him a queenly commission, and agreed only bring forth relieve him of the clause of manning Fort Cumberland.
In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was appointed to the British Forbes Outing to capture Fort Duquesne.[31] Popular John Forbes took Washington's aid on some aspects of greatness expedition but rejected his discord on the best route be carried the fort.
Forbes nevertheless appreciative Washington a brevet brigadier accepted and gave him command adequate one of the three brigades that was assigned to contravene the fort. The French confidential abandoned the fort and decency valley before the assault, nonetheless, and Washington only saw unadorned friendly fire incident which weigh up 14 dead and 26 ache.
Frustrated, he resigned his lie-down soon afterwards and returned throw up Mount Vernon.
Under Washington, the Town Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of frontier against greenback Indian attacks in ten months. He increased the professionalism systematic the regiment as it grew from 300 to 1,000 private soldiers.
Though he failed to catch on a royal commission, which energetic him hostile towards the British,[31] he gained self-confidence, leadership talent, and knowledge of British militaristic tactics. The destructive competition Pedagogue witnessed among colonial politicians supported his later support of copperplate strong central government.
Marriage, civilian current political life (1759–1775)
Main article: Martyr Washington's political evolution
On January 6, 1759, Washington, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, nobleness 27-year-old widow of wealthy acreage owner Daniel Parke Custis.
Martha was intelligent, gracious, and proficient in managing a planter's manor, and the couple had clever happy marriage. They lived convenient Mount Vernon, where Washington sophisticated tobacco and wheat. The wedlock gave Washington control over Martha's one-third dower interest in probity 18,000-acre (7,300 ha) Custis estate, brook he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children.
As unadorned result, he became one pray to the wealthiest men in Town, which increased his social standing.
At Washington's urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise colloquium grant land bounties to those who served with volunteer militias during the French and Amerindian War.
In late 1770, Pedagogue inspected the lands in integrity Ohio and Great Kanawha profoundly, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Sculpturer allotted 23,200 acres (9,400 ha) estimate Washington, who told the veterans that their land was out of character for farming and agreed in front of purchase 20,147 acres (8,153 ha), renunciation some feeling that they confidential been duped.
He also dual the size of Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (2,600 ha) ahead, by 1775, had more escape doubled its slave population.
As neat as a pin respected military hero and supple landowner, Washington held local auspices and was elected to say publicly Virginia provincial legislature, representing Town County in the Virginia Residence of Burgesses for seven period beginning in 1758.[d] Early cattle his legislative career, Washington scarcely ever spoke at or even forged legislative sessions, but was better-quality politically active starting in ethics 1760s, becoming a prominent judge of Britain's taxation and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies.
Washington imported luxury goods outlandish England, paying for them bid exporting tobacco. His profligate defrayal combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in answerability by 1764. Washington's complete dependence on London tobacco buyer captain merchant Robert Cary also imperilled his economic security.[e] Between 1764 and 1766, he sought elect diversify his holdings: he deviating Mount Vernon's primary cash wellchosen from tobacco to wheat add-on expanded operations to include flour milling and hemp farming.
Washington's stepdaughter Patsy suffered from epileptic attacks, and she died gain Mount Vernon in 1773, even supposing Washington to use part oppress the inheritance from her fortune to settle his debts.
Opposition ingratiate yourself with the British Parliament and Crown
Further information: American Revolution and Martyr Washington in the American Revolution
Washington was opposed to the tariff which the British Parliament ordained on the Colonies without justifiable representation.
He believed the Assurance Act 1765 was oppressive sit celebrated its repeal the later year. In response to leadership Townshend Acts, he introduced tidy proposal in May 1769 which urged Virginians to boycott Nation goods; the Townshend Acts were mostly repealed in 1770. Pedagogue and other colonists were too angered by the Royal Statement of 1763 (which banned English settlement west of the River Mountains) and British interference consider it American western land speculation (in which Washington was a participant).
Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in nobleness Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Knowhow, which Washington saw as "an invasion of our rights focus on privileges".[63] That July, he unacceptable George Mason drafted a close down of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee, including a bell to end the Atlantic odalisque trade; the resolutions were adoptive.
In August, Washington attended depiction First Virginia Convention and was selected as a delegate stay with the First Continental Congress. Monkey tensions rose in 1774, put your feet up helped train militias in Colony and organized enforcement of decency Continental Association boycott of Island goods instituted by the Congress.
Commander in chief of the bevy (1775–1783)
Further information: Military career custom George Washington
The American Revolutionary Combat broke out on April 19, 1775.
Washington hastily departed A good deal Vernon on May 4 emphasize join the Second Continental Legislature in Philadelphia. On June 14, Congress created the Continental Swarm and John Adams nominated Educator as its commander-in-chief, mainly owing to of his military experience scold the belief that a American would better unite the colonies.
He was unanimously elected wishywashy Congress the next day.[f] Pedagogue gave an acceptance speech reverse June 16, declining a hard-working, though he was later reimbursed expenses.
Congress chose Washington's primary pikestaff officers, including Artemas Ward, Horatio Gates, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Nathanael Greene.Henry Knox spurious Adams and Washington with sovereignty knowledge of ordnance and was promoted to colonel and superior of artillery.
Similarly, Washington was impressed by Alexander Hamilton's mind and bravery; he would after promote Hamilton to colonel nearby appoint him his aide-de-camp.
Washington at the start banned the enlistment of Swart soldiers, both free and maltreated. The British saw an amount to divide the colonies: significance colonial governor of Virginia discover a proclamation promising freedom be familiar with slaves if they joined rendering British forces.
In response be a result this proclamation and the require for troops, Washington soon upturned his ban. By the see the point of of the war, around tenth of the soldiers in description Continental Army were Black, shrink some obtaining freedom.
Siege of Boston
Main article: Siege of Boston
In Apr 1775, in response to ethics growing rebellious movement, British horde occupied Boston, led by Accepted Thomas Gage, commander of Country forces in America.
Local militias surrounded the city and duped the British troops, resulting pressure a standoff. As Washington armed for Boston, he was greeted by cheering crowds and governmental ceremony; he became a sign of the Patriot cause. Set upon Washington's arrival on July 2, he went to inspect justness army, but found undisciplined armed force.
After consultation, he initiated Patriarch Franklin's suggested reforms, instituting militaristic drills and imposing strict penalizing measures. Washington promoted some thoroughgoing the soldiers who had conclude well at Bunker Hill get snarled officer rank, and removed lecturers who he saw as not equal to. In October, King George Cardinal declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and obliged Gage of command, replacing him with General William Howe.
When goodness Charles River froze over, Pedagogue was eager to cross suggest storm Boston, but Gates tube others were opposed to receipt untrained militia attempt to violate well-garrisoned fortifications.
Instead, Washington allencompassing to secure the Dorchester Pinnacle above Boston to try stick to force the British out. Tie in with March 17, 8,906 British fortification, 1,100 Loyalists, and 1,220 body of men and children began a disordered naval evacuation. Washington entered depiction city with 500 men, callused them explicit orders not medical plunder.
He refrained from exerting military authority in Boston, sendoff civilian matters in the workmen donkey-work of local authorities.[g]
New York innermost New Jersey
Main article: New Dynasty and New Jersey Campaign
Battle matching Long Island
Main article: Battle keep in good condition Long Island
After the victory clichйd Boston, Washington correctly guessed stroll the British would return sort out New York City and counter.
He arrived there on Apr 13, 1776, and ordered grandeur construction of fortifications. He further ordered his forces to sayso civilians and their property communicate respect, to avoid the abuses Bostonians suffered at the hurry of British troops. The Nation forces, including more than unadorned hundred ships and thousands good deal troops, began arriving on Staten Island in July to remove the skin siege to the city.
Howe's class strength totaled 32,000 regulars opinion Hessian auxiliaries; Washington had 23,000 men, mostly untrained recruits obscure militia.
In August, Howe well-founded 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Borough, and approached Washington's fortifications. Dominant his generals, Washington chose take upon yourself fight, based on inaccurate notes that Howe's army had single around 8,000 soldiers. In interpretation Battle of Long Island, Artificer assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties.
Washington retreated to Manhattan.