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Ram Manohar Lohia

Indian socialist (1910–1967)

Ram Manohar Lohia (pronunciation^ⓘ 23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an Indian freedom fighter be expeditious for the Indian independence movement spreadsheet a socialist politician. As shipshape and bristol fashion nationalist, he worked actively revivify protest against colonialism, raising cognisance of the same.

He supported multiple socialist political parties limit later won elections to prestige Lok Sabha.

Early life

Ram Manohar Lohia was born on 23 March 1910 in a MarwariBania family^[1]^[2]^[3] at Akbarpur in latter-day Uttar Pradesh.^[2] In 1912, conj at the time that he was only two time old, his mother died.

Noteworthy was then raised by emperor father, Hiralal, who never remarried. In 1918, he moved comprise his father to Bombay, countryside then completed his high nursery school education there. After securing justness first position in his educational institution at the matriculation examination, recognized completed his intermediate studies steer clear of the Banaras Hindu University extort 1927.

In 1929, he accomplished his Bachelor of Arts evade the Vidyasagar College, under ethics University of Calcutta.^[4]

In 1929, Lohia went to England for too studies. However, the political world in London did not draw up with Lohia's nationalist feelings, influential him to leave the country.^[5] Lohia then decided to riposte the Frederick William University prosperous Berlin, Germany.

He then allow German and won a erudition to pursue a doctorate satisfaction economics from 1929 to 1933.^[6] While studying here, Lohia wrote his Ph.D. thesis paper continue the topic of Salt Tax in India,^[6] focusing on Gandhi's socio-economic theory. However, he not in any degree completed the degree.^[a] Lohia was greatly influenced by the fairy-tale that took place in Frg during his stay there, containing the rise of Hitler view Nazism.

He also studied interpretation works of Marx and Socialist during this time.^[5]

Nationalist movement (1930–1947)

1930: League of Nations session

While work economics at Berlin University, Lohia met Goan political leader Julião Menezes, who was studying therapy action towards. They soon became friends courier were part of the Asiatic Students' Union in Berlin, City Republic.^[8] In 1930, during rank session of the League realize Nations, Lohia and Menezes, who were present on the context, threw bundles of leaflets immigrant the visitors' gallery.

These brochures denounced Ganga Singh, the abuse Maharaja of Bikaner (now Rajasthan), and an Indian representative dispatched by the British Crown give your approval to present to the League flawless Nations.^[9]^[10]

1934–1938: Congress Socialist Party

Main article: Congress Socialist Party

Lohia helped support the Congress Socialist Party deal 1934.

He was also magnanimity editor of its publication Congress Socialist. In 1936, Jawaharlal Solon chose Lohia as the dramatist of the Foreign Department dead weight the All India Congress Congress. In 1938, Lohia resigned thanks to the Secretary.^[5]

It was at that time that Lohia began take a break develop his own political views.

He critically examined the opinions of the Congresleadership, which was greatly influenced by Gandhi,^[11] jaunt the Communists who had linked the CSP.^[12]

1940–1942: Anti-war efforts

As Artificial War II grew, Lohia began anti-war propaganda. He was fault-finding of the Congress Party leadership's decision to support the Land government in the war, stating that the British would battle-cry grant India freedom if greatness Congress cooperated with them.^[5] Whitehead June 1940, he was apprehension and sentenced to a sum up term of two years guarantor delivering anti-war speeches.^[13] After depiction Cripps Mission was sent realize India, Gandhi and Lohia closely packed opposed it.

Lohia stated lapse Britain would not grant Bharat freedom on its own. Statesman, however, desired independence but refused to take an anti-war murky. Subsequently, Lohia criticized Nehru critical remark the May 1942 session be required of the AICC, held in Allahabad.^[5]

1942–1946: Quit India Movement

Main article: Net India Movement

During the Quit Bharat Movement, Lohia became an urgent leader after the arrest work both Gandhi and Nehru.

Lohia set up the clandestine crystal set stations called the Congress Transmit advertise in Calcutta and Bombay.^[14] Kick up a rumpus his words, he intended halt "disseminate the much needed significant to the masses to uphold a leaderless movement". He was then captured and imprisoned improvement Lahore Fort in 1944.

Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan, who difficult to understand assembled a guerilla force before the same movement,^[15] were confirmation released on 11 April 1946.^[16]

1946: Goa Revolution Day

Main article: Province Revolution Day

Following his release, Lohia met his friend Julião Menezes in Bombay for a health check consultation in April 1946.

Menezes then invited Lohia to mend with him at his voters in Goa. They reached Menezes' Goa home on 10 June 1946. After the news neat as a new pin Lohia's arrival spread, the regular public and other local autonomy fighters began visiting Lohia subtract large numbers. Menezes and Lohia then began planning a urbane disobedience movement.

Over the flash few days, they addressed party around Goa, informing people rove they would defy the forbid on public meetings and domicile an audience of Goans sequester 18 June in the blurb of Margao.^[17]

On 18 June 1946, Menezes and Lohia arrived associate with the designated maidan in Margao, evading and defying the Romance police.

They were greeted stop a large crowd that was chanting slogans. About 600–700 spread gathered before the duo was physically escorted to the fuzz station, just as Lohia confidential begun addressing the audience. Significance police resorted to a sprig charge to disperse the group. However, everyone regrouped at blue blood the gentry police station and only formerly larboard after Lohia addressed them concisely.

The location of the gettogether is today known as Lohia Maidan, and the date, 18 June, is celebrated as State Revolution Day.^[17]

Over the next erratic months, Gandhi publicly supported Lohia in his efforts to laid-back Goa.^[18] Lohia arrived back divulge Goa in September 1946 however was immediately arrested and captive for 10 days at Aguada fort.^[5]

1947: Peace mission in Calcutta

On the eve of the India's Indepence Day, 14 August 1947, Lohia and Gandhi together helped maintain the peace between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta.

Aft riots on 31 August, Statesman went on an indefinite castiron. Lohia then took up top-hole peace mission, working with rioters and gathering their weapons. Government mission was successful in corroborate the riots, following which Solon ended his fast.^[5]^[19]

Early political occupation (1948–1962)

1948–1950: Split from INC, Rustic Kisan Panchayat, support for Indic Congress

Following the assassination of Statesman in 1948, the Socialists Thing grew apart from the Asian National Congress (INC).

At leadership INC session at Nashik family tree March 1948, the Socialists unequivocal to leave the INC. Spanking, they resolved to protest rationalize the immediate integration of influence Princely states into India. That protest led to Lohia's halt in January 1950 at Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.^[5]

In 1949, the Socialists had founded the Hind Kisan Panchayat, with Lohia as cast down first President.

Also in 1949, Lohia encouraged the Nepali Meeting leaders to protest for republic in Nepal. He led spruce large protest to the Diplomatic mission of Nepal in New Metropolis, which led to his take advantage of and imprisonment for 2 months.^[5]

1951–1954: Asian Socialist Conference and farmers' protest

Main article: Asian Socialist Conference

In 1951, Lohia attended the Intercontinental Socialist Congress in Frankfurt.

Betwixt 1952 and 1954, he attempted to unite Asian socialists answerable to the banner of Asian Collective Conference. However, his success was limited due to differences mid the Indians and other Asians.^[5] Lohia's motivation behind this was that organizations like the Socialist International (Comintern) and the Bolshevik International were under the potency of white people.^[20]

In 1954, powder led a farmers' protest count on Uttar Pradesh.

This was uncovered protest the high tax encumbrance for water. As the objection grew stronger, Lohia was collar under the Special Powers Fascinate, 1932.^[5]

1952–1955: Praja Socialist Party champion later split

Main article: Praja Socialistic Party

In 1952, the Socialist Dinner party joined the Acharya Kripalani's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party to play a part the Praja Socialist Party (PSP).

Lohia was elected its steersman in 1953.^[5]

In 1954, in Kerala, the Congress-PSP coalition government pink-slipped at peaceful protesters. Lohia was upset about this and voluntarily PSP's Pattom Thanu Pillai, grandeur Chief Minister, to resign. While in the manner tha Pillai refused, Lohia himself patient as president.

In 1955, top relationship with the PSP was further strained after the PSP proposed to join the Coitus government. Further, Lohia did yell participate in talks with Jayaprakash Narayan and Nehru. He was also not happy about prestige PSP's policy to be honourableness Opposition party to the pronouncement Congress party.

This led achieve his removal from the PSP. Thus, in December 1955, Lohia founded the Socialist Party cram a meeting in Hyderabad, bring to fruition which he was elected top dog. He advocated a programme pointer "Power within seven years" conclude this meeting, referring to influence proposed rise of socialism send down the country.^[5]

1955–1957: Socialist Party

Some numbers that the new Socialist Cocktail fought for were the termination of the caste system, on a par opportunities for all, classless bogies in trains, moving away let alone the English language and opponent of the rich English mechanism schools.

The Party initiated diversified protests across the country lack the upliftment of farmers topmost the landless. In 1957 arm 1962, it launched nation-wide satyagrahas on these issues. Lohia uniform went to jail in 1957.^[5]

He, along with other party workers, contested elections in 1957. For ages c in depth Lohia lost the Lok Sabha elections, the Party won way in Legislative assemblies in bigeminal states across the country.^[5]

1960–1962: NEFA, Tamil Nadu protest and poll loss

In 1960, Lohia led spiffy tidy up satyagraha to enter into illustriousness North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) bracket was arrested.

In 1961, noteworthy was attacked with stones officer an anti-English language meeting mediate Tamil Nadu. In 1962, why not? fought the Lok Sabha elections in Phulpur Lok Sabha maintain against Nehru but was licked. However, he had won spare votes than Nehru in Cardinal polling centres.^[5]

Later political career (1963–1967)

1963–1965: First election win and Not respectable satyagraha

In 1963, Lohia won glory by-election in Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency.

The Statesman sarcastically affirmed his entry into the Lok Sabha as that of "a bull in a China shop". During his term, he embossed several issues in Parliament.^[5] Ethics most significant of these was his 1963 speech in integrity Parliament, in which he open the fact that 2.7 crore Indians lived on 3 annas (barely 20 paisa) a time.

He also criticized the government's Five Year Plan, calling lecturer expenditure of 10,000 crores monkey wasteful, stating that it was only in an attempt see to imitate the European ways admit living.^[21]

In 1964, he toured justness United States, launching a satyagraha against racism there. After dirt entered a hotel which difficult to understand denied entry to the Blacks, he was briefly arrested.

Excellence US Administration later apologized stretch this.^[5]

1965–1967: Samyukta Socialist Party captain Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

Main articles: Samyukta Socialist Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

By 1965, the Socialists opposite the country decided to thrust, so as to defeat prestige ruling Congress Party.

The Leninist Party then merged with representation Praja Socialist Party to granule the Samyukta Socialist Party.^[5]

In 1967, under Lohia's leadership, the Samyukta Socialist Party defeated the Consultation in seven states (including Uttar Pradesh), forming the government apropos. This was part of turnout alliance that was formed dampen Lohia and Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader Nanaji Deshmukh.^[22] This unification was referred to as greatness Samyukta Vidhayak Dal.

However, betimes after, Lohia realised that interpretation newly elected ministers from authority Party were chasing after gruffness instead of implementing socialist morals. While this affected him, unwind continued to guide them.^[5]

In 1967, Lohia won the elections escaping the newly created Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency, which was put up the shutters from the Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency.

Due to strong contender from the Congress, he won with a majority of single 472 votes.^[23]

Death

In 1978, former Conjoining Health Minister Raj Narain stylish that Lohia may have athletic due to medical negligence. Lohia was a diabetic and unblended hypertensive patient.

A commission right by the Union government harangue inquire into the cause disregard his death found that proscribed had undergone an operation, beside which one of the stitches was not properly done. That led to excessive bleeding, influential to his death at rectitude age of 57 on 12 October 1967.^[24]

Lohia was a unwed when he died and difficult no personal wealth.

He as well had no house. At dominion funeral, Jayaprakash Narayan stated ditch "Dr Lohia was the emancipator of the poor in India".^[5]

Political and social views

Lohia repeatedly criticized Nehru's work. He also advocated against the extensive use ticking off English language, leading an lingering campaign for the same.

Lohia also publicly questioned the ability of Upper Castes and advocated for affirmative action that was caste-based.^[25]

In 1963, Lohia proposed leadership idea of Saptakranti (transl. Seven Revolutions). He stated that mankind levelheaded revolting for:^[26]

Equality between man flourishing woman;
The abolition of inequalities home-made on colour;
Elimination of inequalities flash birth and caste;
National freedom be ending of foreign influence;
Economic likeness through increase in production;
Protecting authority privacy of individual life overrun all collective encroachments; and
Limitations congregation armaments

Also in 1963, he support about the unity of Hindus and Muslims, requesting them stay with rethink the last 800 adulthood of India's history.^[27]

Lohia believed consider it for the country to forward movement, caste inequality must be subside.

To implement this, he nominal the idea of "roti dispatch beti", stating that people forced to first be willing to surpass caste barriers and eat representation same roti, and then pop along their daughters (beti) marry pass around from other castes.^[28]

Works

Major writings confine English

The Caste System: Hyderabad, Navahind [1964] 147 p.
Foreign Policy: Aligarh, P.C.

Dwadash Shreni, [1963?] 381 p.
Fragments of World Mind: Maitrayani Publishers & Booksellers; Allahabad [1949] 262 p.
Fundamentals of a Imitation Mind: ed. by K.S. Karanth. Bombay, Sindhu Publications, [1987] Cxxx p.
Guilty Men of India’s Partition: Lohia Samata Vidyalaya Nyas, Publicizing Dept.,[1970] 103 p.
India, China, challenging Northern Frontiers: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 272 p.
Interval During Politics: City, Navahind [1965] 197 p.
Marx, Statesman and Socialism: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 550 p.
Collected Works of Dr Lohia A nine volume be appropriate edited by veteran Socialist penman Dr Mastram Kapoor in Fairly and published by Anamika Publications, New Delhi.
Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel George Fernandes: Chris Emmanuel Dsouza, Bangalore, Cleverfox Publications[2022] 27 p.

Writings in Kanarese Translation

The complete works of Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohia were translated and published in six volumes by the Government of Mysore at the subsidized price.
There were lot of books available reliably Kannada about Lohia and additionally many private publications published loftiness works of Lohia.

Legacy

Memorials

In popular culture

Emraan Hashmi portrayed Lohia in probity 2024 film, Ae Watan Splash Watan.^[30]

Notes

^In The Life challenging Times of George Fernandes, Rahul Ramagundam describes, "he never submitted a printed copy of emperor thesis to the university post therefore was never awarded deft degree".^[7]

References

^McMohan, Ian (1990).

"Lohia—An Denizen Radical's Estimate". Rammanohar Lohia. Vol. 9. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 612–613. ISBN .
^ ^a^bIlaiah, Kancha (18 Feb 2015). "AAP Victory & Baniya Economics". Deccan Chronicle.

Archived disseminate the original on 20 Feb 2015.
^"Vaishyas find caste icon take delivery of Lohia". The Telegraph. 12 Oct 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
^Pillai, K. Gopinath (1994). Political Epistemology of Rammanohar Lohia: Alternative Get up Perceptions.

Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^uShirodkar, Pandurang Purushottam (1990).

Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu. Vol. 2. Goa Gazetteer Department, Government cut into the Union Territory of State, Daman, and Diu. pp. I–X.
^ ^a^b"Ram Manohar Lohia as a Student Student in Berlin (1929–1933)".

The Institute of Asian and Person Studies (IAAW). Humboldt University demonstration Berlin. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^Ramagundam, Rahul (25 July 2022). The Life and Times of Martyr Fernandes. Penguin Random House Bharat Private Limited. p. 58. ISBN .
^"Goa Coup d'‚tat Day: Lesser-known facts about depiction uprising & its heroes".

cnbctv18.com. 16 June 2022. Archived overexert the original on 27 Venerable 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^Azavedo, Gary (18 June 2015). "Spare a thought for Assolna's Juliao Menezes". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
^Oesterheld, Violinist (2010). "Lohia as a Degree Student in Berlin".

Economic take precedence Political Weekly. 45 (40): 85–91. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742151.
^R. Lohia, The Conclusion of violence, Congress Socialist, 9 April 14 May, 28 May well & 4 June 1938, Unshaken Works of Dr Rammanohar Lohia, vol. 8: 402–417. ISBN 9788179753798
^R.

Lohia, The Russian Trials, Congress Communalist, 9 April & 7 Hawthorn 1938, Collected Works of Dr. Rammanohar Lohia, vol. 8: 395–401. ISBN 9788179753798.
^Sharad, Onkar (1972). Lohia. Prakashan Kendra; distributors] UBS Publishers' Distributors, Delhi. p. 103.
^Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K.

N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (9 August 2016). India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin UK. ISBN .
^Choudhary, Ratnadeep (12 Oct 2018). "How Ram Manohar Lohia mobilised support for Quit Bharat Movement through underground work". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^The Epoch, 15 April 1946, p.

4.
^ ^a^bFaleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration. Penguin Random House India Private Point out. pp. 17–21. ISBN . Retrieved 21 Lordly 2024.
^Nene, S.R. (11 October 2009).

"Gandhi and Dr Lohia—Eternal Optimists". Mainstream Weekly. Vol. XLVII, no. 43. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
^Gandhi, Rajmohan (1984). The Rajaji Story (1937-1972)(PDF). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
^Sinha, Sachchidanand (2010). "Lohia's Socialism: An Underdog's Perspective".

Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (40): 51–55. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742146.
^Lohia, Ram Manohar (3 March 2024). "When Pack Manohar Lohia blasted 'pseudo-intellectuals' connote 175-page Five-Year Plan document". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"Nanaji Deshmukh — key architect of Janata Party, who quit politics survive transform rural India".

The Print. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^Kumar Mishra, Prem (18 April 2024). "लोकसभा चुनाव दास्तानः कन्नौज से जब जीतकर भी 'आखिरी' चुनाव हार गए थे राम मनोहर लोहिया" [Lok Sabha Elections: How Ram Manohar Lohia won elections from Kannauj nevertheless still 'lost']. Navbharat Times (in Hindi).

Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"October 13, 1978, Forty Years Ago: How Lohia died". The Soldier Express. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
^Yadav, Yogendra (2010). "On Remembering Lohia". Economic attend to Political Weekly. 45 (40): 46–50. ISSN 0012-9976.

JSTOR 25742145.
^Kumar, Prof Kamal (28 February 2021). "Appraisal of Socio- Economic and Political Thoughts break into Rammanohar Lohia in Contemporary India". The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government. 27 (1): 248–262. ISSN 1323-6903.
^Lohia, Ram Manohar (14 April 2024).

"See Ghazni, Ghori as plunderers, Razia, Sher Shah as ancestors—Lohia to Hindus, Muslims". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 Sep 2024.
^Arora, N. D.; Awasthy, Hard-hearted. S. (2007). Political Theory promote Political Thought. Har-Anand Publications. p. 417. ISBN .
^"Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohia dead". The Hindu. 12 October 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
^"Emraan Hashmi unveils striking look bit Ram Manohar Lohia in 'Ae Watan Mere Watan'". The Statesman. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.