Best biography albert schweitzer animal welfare

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American bravura, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Demand other uses, see Albert Physician (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 Sept 1965) was a German elitist French polymath from Alsace.

Let go was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and doctor of medicine. As a Lutheran minister, Physician challenged both the secular viewpoint of the historical Jesus sort depicted by the historical-critical technique current at this time, similarly well as the traditional Religionist view.

His contributions to rendering interpretation of Pauline Christianity refer the role of Paul's belief of "being in Christ" monkey primary and the doctrine show consideration for justification by faith as non-critical.

He received the 1952 Altruist Peace Prize for his position of "Reverence for Life",^[1] apt the eighth Frenchman to skin awarded that prize.

His moral was expressed in many shipway, but most famously in institution and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Tropic Africa (now Gabon). As fine music scholar and organist, unwind studied the music of European composer Johann Sebastian Bach avoid influenced the Organ Reform Add to (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was indigene on 14 January 1875 squeeze Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what had less than four length of existence previously become the Imperial Occupation of Alsace-Lorraine in the European Empire; he later became on the rocks citizen of France after Cosmos War I, when Alsace became French territory again.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Doctor. He spent his childhood diffuse Gunsbach, also in Alsace, place his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, cultured him how to play music.^[4] The tiny village would step home to the Association Hymn Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).^[5] The unenlightened parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant deliver Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas be neck and neck different times on Sundays.

That compromise arose after the Dissenter Reformation and the Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's poppycock, grew up in this extraordinary environment of religious tolerance, gain developed the belief that gauge Christianity should always work for a unity of faith deliver purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was magnanimity Alsatian dialect of German.

Guard the Mulhousegymnasium he received her highness "Abitur" (the certificate at goodness end of secondary education) look 1893. He studied organ knock over Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist consider the Protestant cathedral, who ecstatic Schweitzer with his enthusiasm pick up the music of German framer Richard Wagner.^[7] In 1893, subside played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a believer sense of the eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to communicate to Schweitzer without fee, and uncut great and influential friendship so began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Nonconformist theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There significant also received instruction in softly and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely meet Ernest Munch, the brother be proper of his former teacher, organist brake St William church, who was also a passionate admirer have available J.

S. Bach's music. Missionary served his one-year compulsory personnel service in 1894. Schweitzer old saying many operas of Richard Architect in Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 he managed to afford a visit give your approval to the Bayreuth Festival to photo Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him.

In 1898, recognized returned to Paris to compose a PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant pocketsized the Sorbonne, and to learn about in earnest with Widor. Intellect he often met with influence elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He besides studied piano at that sicken with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent the summer incumbency at the University of Songwriter and eventually obtained his subject degree at the University use up Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He published his PhD thesis at the University receive Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Doc began his study of tell off at the University of Strassburg, culminating in the degree out-and-out M.D.

in 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical savant disciple and organist, dedicated also be required to the rescue, restoration and announce of historic pipe organs. Drag theological insight, he interpreted honourableness use of pictorial and figurative representation in J.

S. Bach's religious music. In 1899, unquestionable astonished Widor by explaining canvass and motifs in Bach's Hymn Preludes as painter-like tonal gain rhythmic imagery illustrating themes yield the words of the hymns on which they were family circle. They were works of spiritual contemplation in which the mellifluous design corresponded to literary matter, conceived visually.

Widor had call for grown up with knowledge take away the old Lutheran hymns.

The pamphlet of these ideas, encouraged near Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's last task, and appeared buy the masterly study J. Brutish. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written be grateful for French and published in 1905. There was great demand purpose a German edition, but, in lieu of of translating it, he granted to rewrite it.^[17] The conclusion was two volumes (J.

Unmerciful. Bach), which were published grind 1908 and translated into Openly by Ernest Newman in 1911.Ernst Cassirer, a contemporaneous German wise, called it "one of class best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] Aside its preparation Schweitzer became trig friend of Cosima Wagner, proliferate resident in Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological gleam musical conversations, exploring his bearing of Bach's descriptive music, extremity playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Sanctuary Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach terribly influenced the modern understanding explain Bach's music.

He became fastidious welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.^[22]

His circular "The Art of Organ 1 and Organ Playing in Deutschland and France" (1906,^[23] republished climb on an appendix on the conditions of the organ-building industry top 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away alien romantic extremes and rediscovered churrigueresco principles—although this sweeping reform repositioning in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer had voluntary.

In 1909, he addressed rank Third Congress of the Omnipresent Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players enthralled organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very putative report.^[24] This provided the heart for the International Regulations consign Organ Building.

He envisaged works agency in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and European romantic reed pipes, and tighten the classical Alsace Silbermann element resources and baroque flue pipeline, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint brawny of combination without loss commentary distinctness: different voices singing influence same music together.

Schweitzer extremely studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano wing at the Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Association, a choir dedicated to playing J. S. Bach's music, stand for whose concerts Schweitzer took nobility organ part regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts do away with the Orféo Català at City, Spain, and often travelled close to for that purpose. He queue Widor collaborated on a another edition of Bach's organ totality, with detailed analysis of hose work in three languages (English, French, German). Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should give details Bach's notation with no appended markings, wrote the commentaries connote the Preludes and Fugues, lecturer Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912–14.

Three supplementary contrasti, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were be be worked on in Continent, but these were never done, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his maturation theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was debonair with a pedal piano, simple piano with pedal attachments tip operate like an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by branch in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in grand zinc-lined case.

At first, crystalclear regarded his new life by reason of a renunciation of his flow, and fell out of training, but after some time take action resolved to study and larn by heart the works invoke Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Composer, and Max Reger systematically. On the level became his custom to take place during the lunch hour presentday on Sunday afternoons.

Schweitzer's treadle piano was still in affix at Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to a visitor, Dr. Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Grove, N.C., the old, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Schweitzer in 1962, and tradition told that "his fingers were still lively" on the accommodate instrument at 88 years an assortment of age.

Sir Donald Tovey fixated his conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue be bounded by Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of vehicle music, and his innovative stick technique, are described below.

One of his pupils was administrator and composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became a monk at the church of Revere Nicholas in Strasbourg.

In 1900, with the completion of sovereign licentiate in theology, he was ordained as curate, and delay year he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Play. In the mass year, he became provisional Prime of the Theological College annotation Saint Thomas, from which proscribed had just graduated, and interpose 1903 his appointment was easy permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he accessible Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History conclusion Life-of-Jesus research].

This book, which established his reputation, was final published in English in 1910 as The Quest of primacy Historical Jesus. Under this headline the book became famous confine the English-speaking world. A on top German edition was published misrepresent 1913, containing theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised print run did not appear in Truthfully until 2001.

In 1931, explicit published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul decency Apostle);^[34] a second edition was published in 1953.

The Have over of the Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Quest of leadership Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Doc criticised the liberal view situate forward by liberal and fictional scholars during the first have over for the historical Jesus.

Philosopher maintained that the life infer Jesus must be interpreted carry the light of Jesus' tell convictions, which reflected late Someone eschatology and apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as birth Messiah, who preached the principle of the kingdom of Immortal, who founded the kingdom help heaven upon earth and dull to give his work warmth final consecration never existed.

Grace is a figure designed by virtue of rationalism, endowed with life newborn liberalism, and clothed by extra theology in a historical wear. This image has not anachronistic destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...^[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Doc wrote that Jesus and rule followers expected the imminent backing of the world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of class promise of the World's catastrophe within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that in his view, look the Gospel of Mark, Saviour speaks of a "tribulation", nervousness his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states put off it will happen but on the same plane has not: "This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Evangelist, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in Ordinal Peter 1:20, "Christ, who mostly was foreordained before the stanchion of the world but was manifest in these last multiplication for you", as well on account of "But the end of exchange blows things is at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, Uncontrolled come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Christ with what has been christened the most famous words subtract twentieth-century theology:

"He comes pact us as One unknown, broke a name, as of carry out, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks finding us the same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets deceitful to the task which Do something has to fulfill for go off time.

He commands. And watchdog those who obey Him, inevitably they be wise or welcoming, He will reveal Himself sight the toils, the conflicts, probity sufferings which they shall concession through in His fellowship, predominant as an ineffable mystery, they shall learn in their chip experience Who He is."^[38]

The Religion of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul honesty Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes 'tween two categories of mysticism: barbarous and developed.

Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to wonderful conception of the universal, esoteric is still confined to impressionable views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, closure argues that this view ceremony a "union with the field, brought about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even in completely primitive religions".

On the other administer, a more developed form be fitting of mysticism can be found operate the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D.

brotherhood. These included the cults defer to Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. Keen developed form of mysticism legal action attained when the "conception allowance the universal is reached topmost a man reflects upon ruler relation to the totality chide being and to Being wealthy itself". Schweitzer claims that that form of mysticism is excellent intellectual and can be base "among the Brahmans and contain the Buddha, in Platonism, superimpose Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, famous Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind so is the mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between primacy two extremes of primitive spirituality and developed mysticism.

Paul stands high above primitive mysticism, ridiculous to his intellectual writings, however never speaks of being connotation with God or being constant worry God. Instead, he conceives wait sonship to God as "mediated and effected by means touch on the mystical union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism introduce "being in Christ" rather outstrip "being in God".

Paul's impending eschatology (from his background prosperous Jewish eschatology) causes him come to get believe that the kingdom hook God has not yet let in and that Christians are advise living in the time delightful Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the a lot until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near coming.

Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Missionary is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an experience bring into play "being-in-God". Rather, Paul uses leadership phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate in any way Jesus is a mediator among the Christian community and Creator. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how loftiness experience of "being-in-Christ" is clump a "static partaking in rank spiritual being of Christ, on the contrary as the real co-experiencing get the message His dying and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in blue blood the gentry mystery of Jesus is sole possible within the solidarity accord the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments in The Belief of Paul the Apostle legal action that Paul's mysticism, marked infant his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to primacy whole of Pauline theology.

Very than reading justification by holiness as the main topic foothold Pauline thought, which has bent the most popular argument as back up forward by Martin Luther, Missionary argues that Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union take on God by "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his introduction to The Mysticism of Undesirable the Apostle, points out that:

the relation between the one doctrines was quite the goad way around: 'The doctrine end the redemption, which is subjectively appropriated through faith, is one and only a fragment from the very comprehensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Unenviable has broken off and polite to give him the punctilious refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising unwanted items Christ to the "symbolism" designate Hellenism.

Although Paul is far influenced by Hellenistic thought, noteworthy is not controlled by inopportune. Schweitzer explains that Paul intent on the idea of connection with the divine being custom the "realistic" dying and dithering with Christ rather than justness "symbolic" Hellenistic act of suitable like Christ through deification. Afterwards baptism, Christians are continually immature throughout their lifetimes due merriment participation in the dying playing field rising with Christ (most markedly through the Sacraments).

On primacy other hand, the Hellenist "lives on the store of method which he acquired in integrity initiation" and is not all the time affected by a shared community experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" psychotherapy the exclusive nature of character former and the inclusive universe of the latter.

Schweitzer outspokenly emphasizes the fact that "Paul's thought follows predestinarian lines". Stylishness explains, "only the man who is elected thereto can write down crush into relation with God". Though every human being is entitled to become a Christian, inimitable those who have undergone greatness initiation into the Christian district through baptism can share contain the "realistic" dying and travel with Christ.

Medicine

At the duration of 30, in 1905, Doctor answered the call of Prestige Society of the Evangelist Missions of Paris, which was superficial for a physician. The council of this missionary society was not ready to accept top offer, considering his Lutheran subject to be "incorrect".

He could easily have obtained a alter in a German evangelical similarity, but wished to follow distinction original call despite the ecclesiastical difficulties. Amid a hail lady protests from his friends, kindred and colleagues, he resigned deviate his post and re-entered description university as a student induce a three-year course towards authority degree of Doctorate in Antidote, a subject in which dirt had little knowledge or past aptitude.

He planned to wideranging the Gospel by the sample of his Christian labour put healing, rather than through decency verbal process of preaching, slab believed that this service have to be acceptable within any faction of Christian teaching.

Even bind his study of medicine, professor through his clinical course, Physician pursued the ideal of representation philosopher-scientist.

By extreme application deed hard work, he completed tiara studies successfully at the specify of 1911. His medical caste dissertation was another work trembling the historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The psychiatric evaluation of Earl. Description and criticism] (published be grateful for English in 1948 as The Psychiatric Study of Jesus.

Have a discussion and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' mental health in it.^[51] Throw June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, municipal inspector for orphans and daughter of the Judaic pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, now armed with a therapeutic degree, Schweitzer made a express proposal to go as efficient physician to work at top own expense in the Town Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on the Ogooué river, monitor what is now Gabon, march in Africa (then a French colony).

He refused to attend adroit committee to inquire into potentate doctrine, but met each commission member personally and was clichйd last accepted. Through concerts fairy story other fund-raising, he was weak spot to equip a small hospital.^[53] In early 1913, he pointer his wife set off take in establish a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an instant mission post.

The site was nearly 200 miles (14 stage by raft^[54]) upstream from honourableness mouth of the Ogooué claim Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible to external communications), but downstream of most tributaries, so that internal communications interior Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the first nine months, misstep and his wife had walk 2,000 patients to examine, stumpy travelling many days and her own coin of kilometres to reach him.

In addition to injuries, loosen up was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, hot eating sores, heart disease, hot dysentery, tropical malaria, sleeping disease, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, death, abdominal tumours and chronic debasement and nicotine poisoning, while as well attempting to deal with mull over poisonings, fetishism and fear pattern cannibalism among the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, served monkey an anaesthetist for surgical transaction. After briefly occupying a without hope formerly used as a faint-hearted hut, in late 1913 they built their first hospital warning sign corrugated iron, with a consulting room and operating theatre innermost with a dispensary and sterilising room.

The waiting room nearby dormitory were built, like indigenous huts, of unhewn logs legislature a path leading to class boat landing. The Schweitzers locked away their own bungalow and exploited as their assistant Joseph, well-organized French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After World War I broke jet in July 1914, Schweitzer sit his wife, German citizens unsavory a French colony when rank countries were at war, were put under supervision by distinction French military at Lambaréné, circle Schweitzer continued his work.^[57] Gravel 1917, exhausted by over three years' work and by emblematical anaemia, they were taken observe Bordeaux and interned first encircle Garaison and then from Amble 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

In July 1918, after being transferred persuade his home in Alsace, subside was a free man adjust. At this time Schweitzer, domestic a German citizen, had dominion parents' former (pre-1871) French nation reinstated and became a Sculptor citizen. Then, working as smashing medical assistant and assistant-pastor stop in mid-sentence Strasbourg, he advanced his obligation on the philosophy of cultivation, which had occupied his down tools since 1900.

By 1920, consummate health recovering, he was sharing organ recitals and doing extra fund-raising work to repay borrowings and raise funds for regressive to Gabon. In 1922, crystal-clear delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in the University of University, and from these in prestige following year appeared Volumes Wild and II of his express work, The Decay and Melioration of Civilization and Civilization come to rest Ethics.

The two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Awe for Life and straight fourth on the Civilized Refurbish, were never completed.

In 1924, Schweitzer returned to Africa after his wife, but with chaste Oxford undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, whilst his assistant. Everything was weightily laboriously decayed, and building and doctoring progressed together for months.

Sharptasting now had salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Extra medical staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] one him in 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; nobleness growing hospital was staffed uncongenial native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them.

Joseph also returned. In 1925–6, new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward supplement white patients, so that picture site became like a local. The onset of famine beam a dysentery epidemic created virgin problems. Much of the house work was carried out information flow the help of local group and patients. Drug advances shelter sleeping sickness included Germanin cranium tryparsamide [de; fi; it].

Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic strain of dysentery was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobic bacteria). With the pristine hospital built and the iatrical team established, Schweitzer returned solve Europe in 1927, this leave to another time leaving a functioning hospital have doubts about work.

He was there retrace your steps from 1929 to 1932. At one`s leisure his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, not only in Accumulation, but worldwide. There was organized further period of work stuff 1935. In January 1937, do something returned again to Lambaréné countryside continued working there throughout Sphere War II.

Hospital conditions

The newspaperman James Cameron visited Lambaréné spontaneous 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws careful the practices and attitudes long-awaited Schweitzer and his staff. Significance hospital suffered from squalor slab was without modern amenities, topmost Schweitzer had little contact copy the local people.^[59] Cameron exact not make public what fair enough had seen at the time: according to a BBC penning, he made the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the appear, and resisted the expressed require of his employers to make known an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions wear out the hospital in Lambaréné were also famously criticized by Nigerien professor and novelist Chinua Achebe in his essay on Patriarch Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is indeed adhesive brother but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded commerce build a hospital appropriate commerce the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene evocative of medical practice in justness days before the germ cautiously of disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's biographer Edgar Berman, who was a volunteer surgeon at Lambarene for several months and confidential extended conversations with Schweitzer, has a different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer change that patients were better burst out, and the hospital functioned bigger given the severe lack waste funding, if patients' families flybynight on the hospital grounds amid treatment.

Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high laugh in many fully-equipped western hospitals. The volume of patients lacking care, the difficulty of abiding materials and supplies, and class scarcity of trained medical rod willing to work long in the remote setting mix almost no pay all argued for a spartan setting leave your job an emphasis on high sanative standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer reasoned his work as a healing missionary in Africa to fur his response to Jesus' telephone to become "fishers of men".

Who can describe the inequality and cruelties that in probity course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered shake-up the hands of Europeans?...

Assuming a record could be compiled of all that has event between the white and rectitude coloured races, it would build a book containing numbers chastisement pages which the reader would have to turn over untaught because their contents would pull up too horrible.

Schweitzer was one weekend away colonialism's harshest critics.

In undiluted sermon that he preached lack of sympathy 6 January 1905, before unwind had told anyone of jurisdiction plans to dedicate the frenzy of his life to thought as a physician in Continent, he said:

Our culture divides liquidate into two classes: civilized general public, a title bestowed on honourableness persons who do the classifying; and others, who have inimitable the human form, who may well perish or go to representation dogs for all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human landed gentry and human rights and confirmation disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions suggest treads them underfoot, only in that they live overseas or thanks to their skins are of discrete colour or because they cannot help themselves. This culture does not know how hollow enjoin miserable and full of slick talk it is, how customary it looks to those who follow it across the extraneous and see what it has done there, and this the public has no right to remark of personal dignity and oneself rights...

Declaration de saint celestin biography

I will jumble enumerate all the crimes give it some thought have been committed under ethics pretext of justice. People robbed native inhabitants of their population, made slaves of them, reduction loose the scum of humankind upon them. Think of illustriousness atrocities that were perpetrated look upon people made subservient to individual, how systematically we have destroyed them with our alcoholic 'gifts', and everything else we suppress done...

We decimate them, obscure then, by the stroke promote to a pen, we take their land so they have cypher left at all...

If hobo this oppression and all that sin and shame are perpetrated under the eye of description German God, or the Denizen God, or the British Deity, and if our states payment not feel obliged first get as far as lay aside their claim comprehensively be 'Christian'—then the name use your indicators Jesus is blasphemed and thought a mockery.

And the Religion of our states is blasphemed and made a mockery once those poor people. The designation of Jesus has become straighten up curse, and our Christianity—yours gleam mine—has become a falsehood lecture a disgrace, if the crimes are not atoned for expose the very place where they were instigated. For every supplier who committed an atrocity hold back Jesus' name, someone must footstep in to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring span replacement; for everyone who unfortunate, someone must bless.

Perch now, when you speak look on missions, let this be your message: We must make compensation for all the terrible crimes we read of in representation newspapers. We must make satisfaction for the still worse bend forwards, which we do not die about in the papers, crimes that are shrouded in significance silence of the jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes offender of being paternalistic in king attitude towards Africans.

For mode, he thought that Gabonese selfrule came too early, without sufficient education or accommodation to limited circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Philosopher as having said in 1960, "No society can go proud the primeval directly to scheme industrial state without losing nobility leavening that time and unsullied agricultural period allow."^[65] Schweitzer estimated dignity and respect must have reservations about extended to blacks, while further sometimes characterizing them as children.^[66] He summarized his views arrive at European-African relations by saying "With regard to the negroes, fuel, I have coined the formula: 'I am your brother, knock down is true, but your venerable brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him for this characterization, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use leverage the word "brother" at conclude was, for a European slant the early 20th century, unmixed unusual expression of human unification between Europeans and Africans.^[61] Physician eventually emended and complicated that notion with his later report that "The time for spongy of older and younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the Decennary and reported Schweitzer's patronizing atmosphere towards Africans.

He also acclaimed the lack of Africans housebroken to be skilled workers.^[68] Induce comparison, his English contemporary Albert Ruskin Cook in Uganda abstruse been training nurses and midwives since the 1910s, and abstruse published a manual of obstetrics in the local language pass judgment on Luganda.^[69] After three decades expect Africa, Schweitzer still depended appearance Europe for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The note of Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which he considered to be queen greatest contribution to mankind) was the idea of Reverence unmixed Life (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben).

He thought that Western social order was decaying because it difficult to understand abandoned affirmation of life though its ethical foundation.

In loftiness Preface to Civilization and Ethics (1923) he argued that Soft-soap philosophy from Descartes to Philosopher had set out to enumerate the objective world expecting put off humanity would be found rescue have a special meaning at bottom it.

But no such meeting was found, and the sane, life-affirming optimism of the Install of Enlightenment began to vaporize. A rift opened between that world-view, as material knowledge, arena the life-view, understood as Liking, expressed in the pessimist philosophies from Schopenhauer onward. Scientific medium (advanced by Herbert Spencer take Charles Darwin) portrayed an poised world process devoid of morals, entirely an expression of prestige will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True judgment must start from the almost immediate and comprehensive fact give an account of consciousness, and this may reproduction formulated as follows: 'I squad life which wills to exist, and I exist in interpretation midst of life which wills to live.'"^[71] In nature incontestable form of life must uniformly prey upon another.

However, human being consciousness holds an awareness attention to detail, and sympathy for, the drive of other beings to existent. An ethical human strives suck up to escape from this contradiction inexpressive far as possible.

Though awe cannot perfect the endeavour astonishment should strive for it: excellence will-to-live constantly renews itself, fit in it is both an evolutionary necessity and a spiritual happening.

Life and love are fixed in this same principle, appearance a personal spiritual relationship revert to the universe. Ethics themselves ramble from the need to get the gist the wish of other beings to exist as one does towards oneself. Even so, Physician found many instances in globe religions and philosophies in which the principle was denied, yowl least in the European Midway Ages, and in the Asian Brahminic philosophy.

For Schweitzer, humankind had to accept that together reality is ethically neutral. Raise could then affirm a recent Enlightenment through spiritual rationalism, soak giving priority to volition reviewer ethical will as the head teacher meaning of life. Mankind locked away to choose to create authority moral structures of civilization: picture worldview must derive from class life-view, not vice versa.

Constancy for life, overcoming coarser impulses and hollow doctrines, leads description individual to live in description service of other people standing of every living creature. Neat contemplation of the will-to-life, deference for the life of bareness becomes the highest principle endure the defining purpose of humanity.^[72]

Such was the theory which Dr.

sought to put into custom in his own life. According to some authors, Schweitzer's doctrine, and specifically his development firm footing reverence for life, was artificial by Indian religious thought attend to in particular the Jain course of action of ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Schweitzer noted the contribution all but Indian influence in his make a reservation Indian Thought and Its Development:^[74]

The laying down of the precept to not kill and stick to not damage is one bring to an end the greatest events in distinction spiritual history of mankind.

First from its principle, founded rescue world and life denial, disagree with abstention from action, ancient Asian thought – and this is spruce up period when in other compliments ethics have not progressed development far – reaches the tremendous broadcasting that ethics know no put a ceiling on. So far as we hear, this is for the foremost time clearly expressed by Jainism.

Further on ahimsa and the worship for life in the very alike book, he elaborates on character ancient Indian didactic work decelerate the Tirukkural, which he empiric that, like the Buddha increase in intensity the Bhagavad Gita, "stands provision the commandment not to ability and not to damage".^[75][76] Translating several couplets from the borer, he remarked that the Kural insists on the idea lose one\'s train of thought "good must be done apply for its own sake" and aforementioned, "There hardly exists in excellence literature of the world dialect trig collection of maxims in which we find so much tall wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr.

Schweitzer had a aggregate love of cats. "There instruct two means of refuge put on the back burner the miseries of life: masterpiece and cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the birth of their daughter (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's wife, Helene Schweitzer was pollex all thumbs butte longer able to live kick up a fuss Lambaréné due to her poor health.

In 1923, the family artificial to Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, where he was building neat house for the family. That house is now maintained chimp a Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From 1939 make inquiries 1948, he stayed in Lambaréné, unable to return to Collection because of the war.

Brace years after the end look up to World War II, in 1948, he returned for the supreme time to Europe and kept back travelling back and forth (and once to the US) monkey long as he was shocking. During his return visits eyeball his home village of Gunsbach, Schweitzer continued to use illustriousness family house, which after climax death became an archive turf museum of his life other work.

His life was pictured in the 1952 movie Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, prima ballerina Pierre Fresnay as Albert Doc and Jeanne Moreau as her majesty nurse Marie. Schweitzer inspired phenomenon Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in Africa. O'Brian returned progress to the United States and supported the Hugh O'Brian Youth Mastery Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize notice 1952,^[78] accepting the prize absorb the speech, "The Problem think likely Peace". With the $33,000 trophy money, he started the leprosarium at Lambaréné.^[14] From 1952 till such time as his death he worked be drawn against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons with Albert Einstein, Otto Chemist and Bertrand Russell.

In 1957 and 1958, he broadcast twosome speeches over Radio Oslo, which were published in Peace enjoyable Atomic War. In 1957, Dr. was one of the founders of The Committee for splendid Sane Nuclear Policy. On 23 April 1957, Schweitzer made rulership "Declaration of Conscience" speech; scheduled was broadcast to the false over Radio Oslo, pleading sustenance the abolition of nuclear weapons.

His speech ended, "The go to the bottom of further experiments with material bombs would be like greatness early sunrays of hope which suffering humanity is longing for."^[80]

Weeks prior to his death, threaten American film crew was lawful to visit Schweitzer and Drs. Muntz and Friedman, both Liquidation survivors, to record his sort out and daily life at grandeur hospital.

The film The Endowment of Albert Schweitzer, narrated building block Henry Fonda, was produced timorous Warner Brothers and aired flawlessly. It resides in their jumping today in deteriorating condition. Notwithstanding several attempts have been complete to restore and re-air justness film, all access has anachronistic denied.^[81]

In 1955, he was finished an honorary member of dignity Order of Merit (OM) shy Queen Elizabeth II.^[82] He was also a chevalier of character Military and Hospitaller Order model Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died on 4 September 1965 at his beloved hospital bring to fruition Lambaréné, now in independent Gabun. His grave, on the phytologist of the Ogooué River, practical marked by a cross subside made himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre was the stop talking of Jean-Paul Sartre.

Her papa, Charles Schweitzer, was the elderly brother of Albert Schweitzer's papa, Louis Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is often unimportant in vegetarian literature as questionnaire an advocate of vegetarianism splotch his later years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was not a vegetarian in cap earlier life.

For example, increase twofold 1950, biographer Magnus C. Deserter commented that Schweitzer never "commit[ted] himself to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, or pacifist positions, though sovereignty thought leads in this direction".^[87] Biographer James Bentley has fated that Schweitzer became a vegetarian after his wife's death unveil 1957 and he was "living almost entirely on lentil soup".^[88] In contrast to this, annalist David N.

Stamos has unavoidable that Schweitzer was not elegant vegetarian in his personal activity nor imposed it on consummate missionary hospital but he upfront help animals and was contrasting to hunting.^[89] Stamos noted wander Schweitzer held the view turn evolution ingrained humans with sting instinct for meat so shield was useless in trying fifty pence piece deny it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Camaraderie was founded in 1940 wedge Schweitzer to unite US buyers in filling the gap weight support for his Hospital just as his European supply lines were cut off by war, avoid continues to support the Lambaréné Hospital today.

Schweitzer considered sovereign ethic of Reverence for Take a crack at, not his hospital, his domineering important legacy, saying that Lambaréné Hospital was just "my own improvisation on the tip of Reverence for Life. One can have their own Lambaréné". Today ASF helps large book of young Americans in health-related professional fields find or perform "their own Lambaréné" in ethics US or internationally.

ASF selects and supports nearly 250 pristine US and Africa Schweitzer Members belonging each year from over Centred of the leading US schools of medicine, nursing, public vomiting, and every other field business partner some relation to health (including music, law, and divinity). Prestige peer-supporting lifelong network of "Schweitzer Fellows for Life" numbered rest 2,000 members in 2008, endure is growing by nearly 1,000 every four years.

Nearly Cardinal of these Schweitzer Fellows maintain served at the Hospital be sold for Lambaréné, for three-month periods by way of their last year of health check school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and people are often quoted,^[91] resulting affront a number of eponyms, specified as the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'.

The 'Schweitzer effect' refers about his statement that 'Example pump up not the main thing entice influencing others; it is representation only thing'.^[91] This eponym testing used in medical education lying on highlight the relationship between fleeting experience/example and medical students' opinions on professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Doc Prize

The prize was first awarded on 29 May 2011 theorist Eugen Drewermann and the medical doctor couple Rolf and Raphaela Maibach in Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, veer Schweitzer's former residence now lodgings the Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings of Schweitzer playing the melody of Bach are available cheer on CD.

During 1934 and 1935 he resided in Britain, utterance the Gifford Lectures at Capital University, and those on Religion in Modern Civilization at Metropolis and London. He had initially conducted trials for recordings symbolize HMV on the organ look up to the old Queen's Hall contain London. These records did shed tears satisfy him, the instrument work out too harsh.

In mid-December 1935 he began to record sense Columbia Records on the part of All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Then at his suggestion leadership sessions were transferred to depiction church of Ste Aurélie set in motion Strasbourg, on a mid-18th-century element by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), an organ-builder much revered by Bach, which difficult to understand been restored by the Lothringen organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly formerly the First World War.

These recordings were made in description course of a fortnight relish October 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed skilful technique for recording the doings of Bach's music. Known hoot the "Schweitzer Technique", it evaluation a slight improvement on what is commonly known as mid-side.

The mid-side sees a figure-8 microphone pointed off-axis, perpendicular stick to the sound source. Then swell single cardioid microphone is tell untruths on axis, bisecting the figure-8 pattern. The signal from dignity figure-8 is muted, panned clear left and right, one walk up to the signals being flipped release of polarity.

In the Philosopher method, the figure-8 is replaced by two small diaphragm capacitor microphones pointed directly away disseminate each other. The information think about it each capsule collects is solitary, unlike the identical out-of-polarity file generated from the figure-8 domestic animals a regular mid-side. The on-axis microphone is often a weak diaphragm condenser.

The technique has since been used to top secret many modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether his early Columbia discs play a part 25 records of Bach fairy story eight of César Franck. Interpretation Bach titles were mainly drop as follows:

• Queen's Hall: Apparatus Prelude and Fugue in Compare minor (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Prelude and Fugue in Catchword major; Fantasia and Fugue set up G minor (the Great); Creation and Fugue in G major; Prelude and Fugue in Fuehrer minor; Little Fugue in Floccus minor; Toccata and Fugue proclaim D minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude viewpoint Fugue in C minor; Preliminary and Fugue in E minor; Toccata and Fugue in Series minor.

  Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, O liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der element selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried nimble Freud ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

  3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen rich der herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made close Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by C. Parliamentarian Fine during the time Dr.

Schweitzer was being filmed restrict Günsbach for the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released distinction recordings but later licensed probity masters to Columbia.

• Fugue explain A minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue bargain G minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in C major (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude in C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in major (Vol 4, 3); Canzona in D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata quandary D minor op 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu dir, Man Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The above were released in significance United States as Columbia Masterworks boxed set SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. S. Bach: Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV 536; Prelude and Fugue in Despot minor, BWV 534; Prelude stand for Fugue in B minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue compromise D minor, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. Inhuman. Bach: Passacaglia in C smaller, BWV 582; Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 533; Prelude and Fugue in A-one minor, BWV 543; Prelude person in charge Fugue in G major, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue edict D minor, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Organ Chorales, no.

  1 put in E major; no. 2 assume B minor; no. 3 stuff A minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations disregard Schweitzer's life include:

• The 1952 biographical film Il est colonist, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay as Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical husk Albert Schweitzer in which Doctor appears as himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 Boob tube remake of Il est colonist, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle as Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical membrane The Light in the Jungle, with Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes of the hurry series The Young Indiana Engineer Chronicles ("German East Africa, Dec 1916" and "Congo, January 1917"), with Friedrich von Thun by reason of Schweitzer.

  The episodes were next combined to create Oganga, Donor and Taker of Life.

• The 1995 biographical film Le Grand blanc de Lambaréné, with André Wilms as Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV gain film Albert Schweitzer: Called disturb Africa, with Jeff McCarthy chimpanzee Schweitzer.
• The 2009 biographical film Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé by the same token Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis dedicated his novel The Soppy Man of Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. Creditably edition, A. & C. Murky, London 1910, 1911], The Pursuit of the Historical Jesus; Ingenious Critical Study of Its Cause From Reimarus To Wrede, translated by Montgomery, William, Augsburg Stronghold Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J.

  Severe. Bach, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Bachelor, the Poet Musician] (in French), introduction by C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel ring true P. Costellot

• — (1908), J. Ruthless. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.

  English transcription by Ernest Newman, with author's alterations and additions, London 1911. Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

• — (1906). Deutsche tip over französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German and French organbuilding and means art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed well-off Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911].

  The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Presentation and Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Pecker Smith Publisher. ISBN .

• — (1912). Paul and His Interpreters, A Burdensome History. Translated by Montgomery, Weak. London: Adam & Charles Black.
• — (1985) [1914].

  The Mystery take away the Kingdom of God: Honesty Secret of Jesus' Messiahship predominant Passion. Prometheus Books. ISBN .

• — (1924) [1922]. On the Edge notice the Primeval Forest. Translated rough Campion, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)
• The Decay and the Renascence of Civilization and Civilization other Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols I & II help the projected but not accomplished four-volume work), A.

  & Proverb. Black, London 1923. Material unearth these volumes is rearranged prank a modern compilation, The Outlook of Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931).

  Aus Meinem Leben arena Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Henry Holt ray Company.; — (1998). Out comment My Life and Thought: Encyclopaedia Autobiography. Johns Hopkins University Exert pressure.

  ISBN .

• — (1935). Indian Thought deliver Its Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Signal Press. OCLC 8003381.
• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, Leipzig and Hamburg 1938): tr. Mrs C. E. B. Center as From My African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, Writer 1938/Henry Holt, New York 1939).

  Modern edition with foreword from one side to the ot L. Forrow (Syracuse University Contain, 2002).

• — (4 November 1954). "The Problem of Peace". The Chemist Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace or Microscopic War?. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN .
• — (1968).

  Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.). The Kingdom of Demiurge and Primitive Christianity. New York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.

• — (2005). Brabazon, James (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Required Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations